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Monday, February 27, 2012

C Q&A (contd)



85.    main(){
                                int i=10,j=20;
                j = i, j?(i,j)?i:j:j;
                                printf("%d %d",i,j);
}
Answer:
10 10
Explanation:
The Ternary operator ( ? : ) is equivalent for if-then-else statement. So the question can be written as:
                                if(i,j){
if(i,j)
j = i;
                                else
                                                                j = j;                                       
                                }
else
                                                j = j;                       


86.    1. const char *a;
2. char* const a;
3. char const *a;
-Differentiate the above declarations.

Answer:
1. 'const' applies to char * rather than 'a' ( pointer to a constant char )
                *a='F'       : illegal
                                                a="Hi"       : legal

2. 'const' applies to 'a'  rather than to the value of a (constant pointer to char )
                *a='F'       : legal
                a="Hi"       : illegal
3. Same as 1.

87.            main(){
                                int i=5,j=10;
                i=i&=j&&10;
                                printf("%d %d",i,j);
}
Answer:
1 10
Explanation:
The expression can be written as i=(i&=(j&&10)); The inner expression (j&&10) evaluates to 1 because j==10. i is 5. i = 5&1 is 1. Hence the result.

88.    main(){
                                int i=4,j=7;
                j = j || i++ && printf("YOU CAN");
                                printf("%d %d", i, j);
}
Answer:
4 1
Explanation:
The boolean expression needs to be evaluated only till the truth value of the expression is not known. j is not equal to zero itself means that the expression’s truth value is 1. Because it is followed by || and true || (anything) => true where (anything) will not be evaluated. So the remaining expression is not evaluated and so the value of i remains the same.
Similarly when && operator is involved in an expression, when any of the operands become false, the whole expression’s truth value becomes false and hence the remaining expression will not be evaluated.    
                false && (anything) => false where (anything) will not be evaluated.

89.    main(){
                                register int a=2;
                printf("Address of a = %d",&;
                                printf("Value of a   = %d",;
}
Answer:
Compier Error: '&' on register variable
Rule to Remember:
                                 & (address of ) operator cannot be applied on register variables.
               
90.    main(){
                                float i=1.5;
                switch(i){
                                case 1: printf("1");
                                                case 2: printf("2");
                                                default : printf("0");
                }
}
Answer:
Compiler Error: switch expression not integral
Explanation:
                                Switch statements can be applied only to integral types.

91.    main(){          
                                extern i;
                printf("%d\n",i);{
                                                int i=20;
                                printf("%d\n",i);
                                }
}
Answer:
Linker Error : Unresolved external symbol i
Explanation:
The identifier i is available in the inner block and so using extern has no use in resolving it.

92.    main(){
                                int a=2,*f1,*f2;
                f1=f2=&a;
                                *f2+=*f2+=a+=2.5;
                printf("\n%d %d %d",a,*f1,*f2);
}
Answer:
16 16 16
Explanation:
f1 and f2 both refer to the same memory location a. So changes through f1 and f2 ultimately affects only the value of a.
               
93.    main(){
                                char *p="GOOD";
                char a[ ]="GOOD";
printf("\n sizeof(p) = %d, sizeof(*p) = %d, strlen(p) = %d", sizeof(p), sizeof(*p), strlen(p));
                printf("\n sizeof( = %d, strlen( = %d", sizeof(, strlen();
}
Answer:
                                sizeof(p) = 2, sizeof(*p) = 1, strlen(p) = 4
                sizeof( = 5, strlen( = 4
Explanation:
                                sizeof(p) => sizeof(char*) => 2
                sizeof(*p) => sizeof(char) => 1
                                Similarly,
                sizeof( => size of the character array => 5
When sizeof operator is applied to an array it returns the sizeof the array and it is not the same as the sizeof the pointer variable. Here the sizeof( where a is the character array and the size of the array is 5 because the space necessary for the terminating NULL character should also be taken into account.

94.    #define DIM( array, type) sizeof(array)/sizeof(type)
main(){
int arr[10];
printf(“The dimension of the array is %d”, DIM(arr, int));   
}
Answer:
10  
Explanation:
The size  of integer array of 10 elements is 10 * sizeof(int). The macro expands to sizeof(arr)/sizeof(int) => 10 * sizeof(int) / sizeof(int) => 10.       

95.    int DIM(int array[]) {
return sizeof(array)/sizeof(int );
}
main(){
int arr[10];
printf(“The dimension of the array is %d”, DIM(arr));   
}
Answer:
1  
Explanation:
Arrays cannot be passed to functions as arguments and only the pointers can be passed. So the argument is equivalent to int * array (this is one of the very few places where [] and * usage are equivalent). The return statement becomes, sizeof(int *)/ sizeof(int) that happens to be equal in this case.

96.    main(){
                static int a[3][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
                int i,j;
                static *p[]={a,a+1,a+2};
                                for(i=0;i<3;i++){
                                                for(j=0;j<3;j++)
                                                printf("%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",*(*(p+i)+j),
                                                *(*(j+p)+i),*(*(i+p)+j),*(*(p+j)+i));
                                }
}
Answer:
                                                1       1       1       1
                                                2       4       2       4
                                3       7       3       7
                                                4       2       4       2
                                                5       5       5       5
                                6       8       6       8
                                                7       3       7       3
                                                8       6       8       6
                                9       9       9       9
Explanation:
                                *(*(p+i)+j) is equivalent to p[i][j].

97.    main(){
                                void swap();
                int x=10,y=8;    
                                swap(&x,&y);
                printf("x=%d y=%d",x,y);
}
void swap(int *a, int *b){
*a ^= *b,  *b ^= *a, *a ^= *b;
}              
Answer:
x=10 y=8
Explanation:
Using ^ like this is a way to swap two variables without using a temporary variable and that too in a single statement.
Inside main(), void swap(); means that swap is a function that may take any number of arguments (not no arguments) and returns nothing. So this doesn’t issue a compiler error by the call swap(&x,&y); that has two arguments.
This convention is historically due to pre-ANSI style (referred to as Kernighan and Ritchie style) style of function declaration. In that style, the swap function will be defined as follows,
void swap()
int *a, int *b{
*a ^= *b,  *b ^= *a, *a ^= *b;
}
where the arguments follow the (). So naturally the declaration for swap will look like, void swap() which means the swap can take any number of arguments.

98.    main(){
                                int i = 257;
                int *iPtr = &i;
                                printf("%d %d", *((char*)iPtr), *((char*)iPtr+1) );
}
Answer:
                                1 1
Explanation:
The integer value 257 is stored in the memory as, 00000001 00000001, so the individual bytes are taken by casting it to char * and get printed.

99.    main(){
                                int i = 258;
                int *iPtr = &i;
                                printf("%d %d", *((char*)iPtr), *((char*)iPtr+1) );
}
Answer:
                                2 1
Explanation:
The integer value 257 can be represented in binary as, 00000001 00000001. Remember that the INTEL machines are ‘small-endian’ machines. Small-endian means that the lower order bytes are stored in the higher memory addresses and the higher order bytes are stored in lower addresses. The integer value 258 is stored in memory as: 00000001 00000010.  

100.main(){
                                int i=300;
                char *ptr = &i;
                                *++ptr=2;
                printf("%d",i);
}
Answer:
556
Explanation:
The integer value 300  in binary notation is: 00000001 00101100. It is  stored in memory (small-endian) as: 00101100 00000001. Result of the expression *++ptr = 2 makes the memory representation as: 00101100 00000010. So the integer corresponding to it  is  00000010 00101100 => 556.

101.main()
{
char * str = "hello";
char * ptr = str;
char least = 127;
while (*ptr++)
                  least = (*ptr
printf("%d",least);
}
Answer:
0
Explanation:       
After ‘ptr’ reaches the end of the string the value pointed by ‘str’ is ‘\0’. So the value of ‘str’ is less than that of ‘least’. So the value of ‘least’ finally is 0.

102. 
Declare an array of N pointers to functions returning pointers to functions returning pointers to characters?
Answer:
                                (char*(*)( )) (*ptr[N])( );

103.main(){
struct student {
char name[30];
struct date dob;
}stud;
struct date{           
int day,month,year;
};
scanf("%s%d%d%d", stud.rollno, &student.dob.day, &student.dob.month,      &student.dob.year);
}
Answer:
Compiler Error: Undefined structure date
Explanation:
Inside the struct definition of ‘student’ the member of type struct date is given. The compiler doesn’t have the definition of date structure (forward  reference is not allowed in C in this case) so it issues an error.

104.main(){
struct date;
struct student{
char name[30];
struct date dob;
}stud;
struct date{
         int day,month,year;
 };
scanf("%s%d%d%d", stud.rollno, &student.dob.day, &student.dob.month, &student.dob.year);
}
Answer:
Compiler Error: Undefined structure date
Explanation:
Only declaration of struct date is available inside the structure definition of ‘student’ but to have a variable of type struct date the definition of the structure is required.

105. 
There were 10 records stored in “somefile.dat” but the following program printed 11 names. What went wrong?
void main(){
struct student{      
char name[30], rollno[6];
}stud;     
FILE *fp = fopen(“somefile.dat”,”r”);
while(!feof(fp)) {
                                                fread(&stud, sizeof(stud), 1 , fp);
puts(stud.name);
}
}
Explanation:
fread reads 10 records and prints the names successfully. It will return EOF only when fread tries to read another record and fails reading EOF (and returning EOF). So it prints the last record again. After this only the condition feof(fp) becomes false, hence comes out of the while loop.

106.Is there any difference between the two declarations,
1.       int foo(int *arr[]) and
2.       int foo(int *arr[2])
Answer:
No
Explanation:
Functions can only pass pointers and not arrays. The numbers that are allowed inside the [] is just for more readability. So there is no difference between the two declarations.

107.What is the subtle error in the following code segment?
void fun(int n, int arr[]){
int *p=0;
int i=0;
while(i++
                                p = &arr[i];
*p = 0;
}
Answer & Explanation:
If the body of the loop never executes p is assigned no address. So p remains NULL where *p =0 may result in problem (may rise to runtime error “NULL pointer assignment” and terminate the program).    

108.What is wrong with the following code? 
int *foo(){
int *s = malloc(sizeof(int)100);
assert(s != NULL);
return s;
}
Answer & Explanation:
assert macro should be used for debugging and finding out bugs. The check s != NULL is for error/exception handling and for that assert shouldn’t be used. A plain if and the corresponding remedy statement has to be given.

109.What is the hidden bug with the following  statement?
assert(val++ != 0);
Answer & Explanation:
Assert macro is used for debugging and removed in release version. In assert, the experssion involves side-effects. So the behavior of the code becomes different in case of debug version and the release version thus leading to a subtle bug.
Rule to Remember:
Don’t use expressions that have side-effects in assert statements. 

110.void main(){
int *i = 0x400;  // i points to the address 400
*i = 0;                     // set the value of memory location pointed by i;
}
Answer:
Undefined behavior
Explanation:
The second statement results in undefined behavior because it points to some location whose value may not be available for modification.  This type of pointer in which the non-availability of the implementation of the referenced location is known as 'incomplete type'.

111.#define assert(cond) if(!(cond)) \
  (fprintf(stderr, "assertion failed: %s, file %s, line %d \n",#cond,\
 __FILE__,__LINE__), abort())

void main(){
int i = 10;
if(i==0) 
assert(i < 100);
else
printf("This statement becomes else for if in assert macro");
}
Answer:
No output
Explanation:
The else part in which the printf is there becomes the else for if in the assert macro. Hence nothing is printed.  The solution is to use conditional operator instead of if statement
#define assert(cond) ((cond)?(0): (fprintf (stderr, "assertion failed: \ %s, file %s, line %d \n",#cond, __FILE__,__LINE__), abort()))
Note:
However this problem of “matching with nearest else” cannot be solved by the usual method of placing the if statement inside a block like this,
#define assert(cond) { \
if(!(cond)) \
  (fprintf(stderr, "assertion failed: %s, file %s, line %d \n",#cond,\
 __FILE__,__LINE__), abort()) \
}

112.Is the following code legal?
struct a   {
int x;
 struct a b;
}
Answer:
                                No
Explanation:
Is it not legal for a structure to contain a member that is of the same type as in this case. Because this will cause the structure declaration to be recursive without end.

113.Is the following code legal?
struct a  {
int x;
            struct a *b;
}
Answer:
Yes.
Explanation:
*b is a pointer to type struct a and so is legal. The compiler knows, the size of the pointer to a structure even before the size of the structure is determined(as you know the pointer to any type is of same size). This type of structures is known as ‘self-referencing’ structure.

114.Is the following code legal?
typedef struct a {
int x;
aType *b;
}aType;
Answer:
                                No
Explanation:
The typename aType is not known at the point of declaring the structure (forward references are not made for typedefs).

115.Is the following code legal?
typedef struct a aType;
struct a{
int x;
aType *b;
};
Answer:
                Yes
Explanation:
The typename aType is known at the point of declaring the structure, because it is already typedefined.

116.Is the following code legal?
void main(){
typedef struct a aType;
aType someVariable;
struct a {
int x;
aType *b;
           };
}
Answer:
                                No
Explanation:
When the declaration,typedef struct a aType; is encountered body of struct a is not known. This is known as ‘incomplete types’.

117.void main(){
printf(“sizeof (void *) = %d \n“, sizeof( void *));
                printf(“sizeof (int *)    = %d \n”, sizeof(int *));
                                printf(“sizeof (double *)  = %d \n”, sizeof(double *));
                printf(“sizeof(struct unknown *) = %d \n”, sizeof(struct unknown *));
                }
Answer:
sizeof (void *) = 2
sizeof (int *)    = 2
sizeof (double *)  =  2
sizeof(struct unknown *) =  2
Explanation:
The pointer to any type is of same size.

118.char inputString[100] = {0};
To get string input from the keyboard which one of the following is better?
                1) gets(inputString)
                2) fgets(inputString, sizeof(inputString), fp)
Answer & Explanation:
The second one is better because gets(inputString) doesn't know the size of the string passed and so, if a very big input (here, more than 100 chars) the charactes will be written past the input string. When fgets is used with stdin performs the same operation as gets but is safe.

119.Which version do you prefer of the following two,
1) printf(“%s”,str);            // or the more curt one
2) printf(str);
Answer & Explanation:
Prefer the first one. If the str contains any  format characters like %d then it will result in a subtle bug.

120.void main(){
int i=10, j=2;
int *ip= &i, *jp = &j;
int k = *ip/*jp;
printf(“%d”,k);
}              
Answer:
Compiler Error: “Unexpected end of file in comment started in line 5”.
Explanation:
The programmer intended to divide two integers, but by the “maximum munch” rule, the compiler treats the operator sequence / and * as /* which happens to be the starting of comment. To force what is intended by the programmer,
int k = *ip/ *jp;  
// give space explicity separating / and *
//or
int k = *ip/(*jp);
// put braces to force the intention 
will solve the problem. 

121.void main(){
char ch;
for(ch=0;ch<=127;ch++)
printf(“%c   %d \n“, ch, ch);
}
Answer:
                Implementaion dependent
Explanation:
The char type may be signed or unsigned by default. If it is signed then ch++ is executed after ch reaches 127 and rotates back to -128. Thus ch is always smaller than 127.

122.Is this code legal?
int *ptr;
ptr = (int *) 0x400;Answer:
                                Yes
Explanation:
The pointer ptr will point at the integer in the memory location 0x400.
123.main(){
char a[4]="HELLO";
printf("%s",;
}              
Answer:
                                Compiler error: Too many initializers
Explanation:
The array a is of size 4 but the string constant requires 6 bytes to get stored.

124.main(){          
char a[4]="HELL";
printf("%s",;
}
Answer:
                                HELL%@!~@!@???@~~!
Explanation:
The character array has the memory just enough to hold the string “HELL” and doesnt have enough space to store the terminating null character. So it prints the HELL correctly and continues to print garbage values till it accidentally comes across a NULL character.

125.main(){
                                int a=10,*j;
                void *k;
                                j=k=&a;
                j++; 
                                k++;
                printf("\n %u %u ",j,k);
}
Answer:
                                Compiler error: Cannot increment a void pointer
Explanation:
Void pointers are generic pointers and they can be used only when the type is not known and as an intermediate address storage type. No pointer arithmetic can be done on it and you cannot apply indirection operator (*) on void pointers.

126.Printf can be implemented by using  __________ list.
Answer:
                                Variable length argument lists

127. char *someFun(){
                                char *temp = “string constant";
                                return temp;
                }
                int main(){
                                puts(someFun());
                }
                Answer:
                                string constant
                Explanation:
                The program suffers no problem and gives the output correctly because the character constants are stored in code/data area and not allocated in stack, so this doesn’t lead to dangling pointers.

128.char *someFun1(){
                                char temp[ ] = “string";
                                return temp;
                }
                char *someFun2(){
                                char temp[ ] = {‘s’, ‘t’,’r’,’i’,’n’,’g’};
                                return temp;
                }
                int main(){
                                puts(someFun1());
                                puts(someFun2());
                }
                Answer:
                                Garbage values.
                Explanation:
Both the functions suffer from the problem of dangling pointers. In someFun1() temp is a character array and so the space for it is allocated in heap and is initialized with character string “string”. This is created dynamically as the function is called, so is also deleted dynamically on exiting the function so the string data is not available in the calling function main() leading to print some garbage values. The function someFun2() also suffers from the same problem but the problem can be easily identified in this case.

129.Explain Internal linkage.
Internal linkage means that all declarations of the identifier within one source file refer to a single entity but declarations of the same identifier in other source files refer to different entities.

130.Can the formal parameter to a function be declared static?
No, because arguments are always passed on the stack to support recursion.

131.What is an lvalue?
Something that can appear on the left side of the "=" sign, it identifies a place where the result can be stored. For example, in the equation a=b+25, a is an lvalue.
In the equation b+25=a, b+25 cannot be used as an lvalue, because it does not identify a specific place. Hence the above assignment is illegal.

132.Every expression that is an lvalue, is also an rvalue. Is the reverse true?
No, lvalue denotes a place in the computer's memory. An rvalue denotes a value, so it can only be used on the right hand side of an assignment.

133.What happens if indirection is performed on a NULL pointer?
On some machines the indirection accesses the memory location zero. On other machines indirection on a NULL pointer cause a fault that terminate the program. Hence the result is implementation dependent.

134.Is the statement legal? d=10-*d.
Illegal because it specifies that an integer quantity (10-*d) be stored in a pointer variable

135.What does the below indicate?
 int *func(void)
a.       void indicates that there aren't any arguments.
b.       there is one argument of type void.
Answer: a

136.What are data type modifiers?
To extend the data handling power, C adds 4 modifiers which may only be applied to char and int. They are namely signed, unsigned, long and short. Although long may also be applied to double.

137.Interpret the meaning of the following.
a.       “ab”,”a+b”
b.       “w+t”
Answer:
"ab","a+b"->open a binary file for appending
"w+t" ->create a text file for reading and writing.

138.What is NULL in the context of files?
In using files, if any error occurs, a NULL pointer is returned.

139.What is Register storage class?
It concerns itself with storing data in the registers of the microprocessor and not in memory. The value of the variable doesn't have to be loaded freshly from memory every time. It's important to realize that this a request to the compiler and not a directive. The compiler may not be able to do it. Since the registers are normally of 16 bits long, we can use the register storage class for ints and char's.

140.What is an assertion statement?
They are actually macros. They test statements you pass to them and if the statement is false, they halt the program and inform you that the assertion failed. It is defined in the header file .

141.Parse int *(*(*(*abc)())[6])();
abc is a pointer to a function returning a pointer to array of pointer to functions returning pointer to integer.

1. The C language terminator is
        (a) semicolon                        (b) colon                        (c) period                                 (d) exclamation mark   ans:a)

2. What is false about the following -- A compound statement is
        (a) A set of simple statements           (b) Demarcated on either side by curly brackets
        (c) Can be used in place of simple statement  (d) A C function is not a compound statement.

 Ans)c
3. What is true about the following C Functions
        (a) Need not return any value           (b) Should always return an integer
        (c) Should always return a float        (d) Should always return more than one value

Ans) a
4. Main must be written as
        (a) The first function in the program              (b) Second function in the program
        (c) Last function in the program                     (d)  Any where in the program

Ans)d
5. Which of the following about automatic variables within a function is correct ?
        (a) Its type must be declared before using the variable    (b) They are local
        (c) They are not initialized to zero                                     (d) They are global

Ans)a?
6. Write one statement equivalent to the following two statements:   x=sqr(a);  return(x);
    Choose from one of the alternatives
        (a) return(sqr(a));                                    (b) printf("sqr(a)");
        (c) return(a*a*a);                                    (d) printf("%d",sqr(a));

Ans)a
7. Which of the following about the C comments is incorrect ?
        (a) Comments can go over multiple lines
        (b) Comments can start any where in the line
        (c) A line can contain comments with out any language statements
        (d) Comments can occur within comments

Ans)d nested comments are not allowed
8. What is the value of y in the following code?
                            x=7;
                            y=0;
                            if(x=6) y=7;
                            else y=1;
        (a) 7                                    (b) 0                                (c) 1                                 (d) 6

Ans)a used = instead of ==
9. Read the function conv() given below
                            conv(int t)
                            {
                                int u;
                                u=5/9 * (t-32);
                                return(u);
                            }
    What is returned
        (a) 15                                    (b) 0                                (c) 16.1                            (d) 29

10. Which of the following represents true statement either x is in the range of 10 and 50 or y is zero
        (a) x >=10 &&  x  <= 50 || y = = 0                                (b) x<50
        (c) y!=10 &&  x >= 50                                                    (d) None of these

Ans)a
11. Which of the following is not an infinite loop ?
        (a) while(1)\{ ....}                                                    (b) for(;;){...}
        (c) x=0;                                                                   (d) # define TRUE 0
            do{ /*x unaltered within the loop*/                                ...
                .....}while(x = = 0);                                                while(TRUE){ ....}


Ans)b?
12. What does the following function print?
                            func(int i)
                            {
                                if(i%2)return 0;
                                else return 1;
                            }
                            main()
                            {
                                int =3;
                                i=func(i);
                                i=func(i);
                                printf("%d",i);
                            }
        (a) 3                                (b) 1                                (c) 0                                (d) 2

13. How does the C compiler interpret the following two statements
                     p=p+x;
                     q=q+y;
        (a) p= p+x;            (b)p=p+xq=q+y;       (c)p= p+xq;      (d)p=p+x/q=q+y;
             q=q+y;                                                                    q=q+y;

For questions 14,15,16,17 use the following alternatives:
        a.int                                 b.char                                 c.string                              d.float

14. '9'
15. "1 e 02"
16. 10e05
17. 15
18. Read the folllowing code
        # define MAX 100
        # define MIN 100
        ....
        ....
            if(x>MAX)
                x=1;
            else if(x                 x=-1;
                x=50;
if the initial value of x=200,what is the value after executing this code?
        (a) 200                                (b) 1                                (c) -1                                (d) 50

19. A memory of 20 bytes is allocated to a string declared as char *s then the following two statements are executed:
                        s="Entrance"
                        l=strlen(s);
        what is the value of l ?
        (a)20                                (b)8                                (c)9                                (d)21


20. Given the piece of code
                int a[50];
                int *pa;
                pa=a;
        To access the 6th element of the array which of the following is incorrect?
        (a) *(a+5)                                (b) a[5]                     (c) pa[5]                           (d) *(*pa + 5}

Ans)a
21. Consider the following structure:
                            struct num nam
                            {
                                int no;
                                char name[25];
                            }
                            struct num nam n1[]={{12,"Fred"},{15,"Martin"},{8,"Peter"},{11,Nicholas"}};
                            .....
                            .....
                            printf("%d%d",n1[2],no,(*(n1 + 2),no) + 1);
    What does the above statement print?
        (a) 8,9                            (b) 9,9                            (c) 8,8                            (d) 8,unpredictable value


22. Identify the in correct expression
       (a)a=b=3=4;               (b)a=b=c=d=0;                (c)float a=int b= 3.5;        (d)int a; floatb;a=b=3.5;

Ans) b

23. Regarding the scope of the varibles;identify the incorrect statement:
(a) automatic variables are automatically initialized to 0    (b) static variables are are automatically initialized to 0
(c) the address of a register variable is not accessible       (d) static variables cannot be initialized with any expression

24. cond 1?cond 2?cond 3?:exp 1:exp 2:exp 3:exp 4;
is equivalent to which of the following?
                (a) if cond 1
                    exp 1;
                    else if cond 2
                    exp 2;
                    else if cond 3
                    exp 3;
                    else exp 4;
                (b) if cond 1
                    if cond 2
                    if cond 3
                    exp 1;
                    else exp 2;
                    else exp 3;
                    else exp 4;
                (c) if cond 1 && cond 2 && cond 3
                    exp 1 |exp 2|exp 3|exp 4;
                (d) if cond 3
                    exp 1;
                    else if cond 2 exp 2;
                    else if cond 3 exp 3;
                    else exp 4;

25. The operator for exponentiation is
        (a) **                            (b) ^                            (c) %                          
  (d) not available

Ans )d

26. Which of the following is invalid
        (a) a+=b                        (b) a*=b                       (c) a>>=b                    (d) a**=b

27. What is y value of the code if input x=10
                            y=5;
                            if (x==10)
                            else if(x==9)
                            else y=8;
        (a)9                            (b)8                                 (c)6                            (d)7

28. What does the following code do?
                            fn(int n, int p, int r)
                            {
                                static int a=p;
                                switch(n)
                                {
                                    case 4:a+=a*r;
                                    case 3:a+=a*r;
                                    case 2:a+=a*r;
                                    case 1:a+=a*r;
                                }
                            }
(a) computes simple interest for one year                (b) computes amount on compound interest for 1 to 4 years
(c) computes simple interest for four year                (d) computes compound interest for 1 year

29.
                            a=0;
                            while(a<5)
                            printf("%d\\n",a++);
    How many times does the loop occurs?
        (a) infinite                                    (b)5                                    (c)4                                    (d)6

Ans)b

30. How many times does the loop iterated ?
                           for(i=0;i=10;i+=2)
                            printf("Hi\\n");
        (a)10                                          (b) 2                                    (c) 5                                   (d) None of these


Ans) d  infinite times

31. What is incorrect among the following
        A recursive function
            (a) calls itself                                            (b) is equivalent to a loop
            (c) has a termination condition                  (d) does not have a return value at all

Ans)d
32. Which of the following go out of the loop if expn 2 becoming false
        (a) while(expn 1)\{...if(expn 2)continue;}        (b) while(!expn 1)\{if(expn 2)continue;...}
        (c) do{..if(expn 1)continue;..}while(expn 2);   (d) while(!expn 2)\{if(expn 1)continue;..\}

33. Consider the following program
                            main()
                            {
                                unsigned int i=10;
                                while(i>=0)
                                {
                                    printf("%u",i)
                                    i--;
                                }
                            }
    How many times the loop will get executed
        (a)10                                (b)9                                (c)11                                (d) infinite

34.Pick out the odd one out
        (a) malloc()                       (b) calloc()                     (c) free()                           (d) realloc()
ans) c
35.Consider the following program
                            main()
                            {
                                int a[5]={1,3,6,7,0};
                                int *b;
                                b=&a[2];
                            }
    The value of b[-1] is
        (a) 1                            (b) 3                                (c) -6                                (d) none

36.                       # define prod(a,b)=a*b
                            main()
                            {
                                int x=2;
                                int y=3;
                                printf("%d",prod(x+2,y-10));
                            }
    the output of the program is
        (a) 8                            (b) 6                                (c) 7                                (d) None

37.Consider the following program segment
                            int n,sum=1;
                            switch(n)
                            {
                                case 2:sum=sum+2;
                                case 3:sum*=2;
                                break;
                                default:sum=0;
                            }
    If n=2, what is the value of sum
        (a) 0                            (b) 6                                (c) 3                                    (d) None of these

38. Identify the incorrect one
                1.if(c=1)
                2.if(c!=3)
                3.if(a                 4.if(c==1)
        (a) 1 only                     (b) 1&3                            (c) 3 only                            (d) All of the above

39. The format specified for hexa decimal is
        (a) %d                          (b) %o                             (c) %x                                (d) %u  Ans) c

40. Find the output of the following program
                            main()
                            {
                                int x=5, *p;
                                p=&x
                                printf("%d",++*p);
                            }
        (a) 5                                    (b) 6                                    (c) 0                                    (d) none of these


Ans ) b
41.Consider the following C code
                            main()
                            {
                                int i=3,x;
                                while(i>0)
                                {
                                    x=func(i);
                                    i--;
                                }
                                int func(int n)
                                {
                                    static sum=0;
                                    sum=sum+n;
                                    return(sum);
                                }
                            }
        The final value of x is
        (a) 6                                (b) 8                                (c) 1                                    (d) 3

43. Int *a[5] refers to
        (a) array of pointers        (b) pointer to an array        (c) pointer to a pointer          (d) none of these

Ans )


44.Which of the following statements is incorrect
        (a)                 typedef struct new
                            {
                                int n1;
                                char n2;
                            } DATA;

        (b)                typedef struct
                            {
                                int n3;
                                char *n4;
                            }ICE;

        (c)                typedef union
                            {
                                int n5;
                                float n6;
                            } UDT;

(d)                        #typedef union
                            {
                                int n7;
                                float n8;
                            } TUDAT;

==============================================================


. These programs may look simple and few might have guessed the right answer for the following.But i want to give the internal detail of working. So that you need not worry when you find this kind of programs in life. It involves very beautiful concepts like STACK, VARARG procedure, Function invoking .

1)

 main( )
  {
        int i = 3;
       
        printf ("%d %d\n", i++, ++i );

  }

ANS : 4    4

printf is a VARARG function, i.e printf is implemented to handle variable number of ( any number of ) arguments. Its simple template is

int printf ( char *, ... );

Here first argument should be an address ( Char * ) and it is must be there always. That means you can not write printf with less than one argument, so the minimum is one and the first one should be of an address ( Char *).

See a simple example.

main ( )
{
        char name[] = "ramakrishna" ;

        printf ( name ); /* it is absolutely OK  */
}

After char* agrument it can take any number of arguments irrespective of number % 's in the first argument. But it has few important features that you should concentrate.
Before invoking PRINTF function, arguments are pushed on to the STACK in REVERSE ORDER ( Right to left).
So printf ("%d %d\n", i++, ++i ); has two arguments. one is i ++ and another one is ++ i . So before executing the function printf pushes ++ i onto the stack.

i.e ( ++ 3 is 4 pushed on to the stack ) then it pushes i ++ onto the stack. (  4++ is 4 pushed onto the stack ).

stack is as below

4

4

after pushing it executes the first argument. that is " %d %d "

As soon as it find first %d it pops the stack and print an integer.

so it prints 4, after finding the second %d it again pops the stack and print another integer. This is how you will get 4  4.

************* But what happens when you have two arguments and more %'s in the first argument. IT IS WHAT THE MOST IMPORTANT *********************

IT PRINTS SOME MEANINGFUL Value . That is ,Let me discuss something about STACK. All the local variables you are going to declare in a program are always stored in STACK ( It vanishes once the context is over and it is Last In First Out (LIFO) Memory ).

While daclaring locals all the locals are stored in STACK. For the below program it pushes int i ( that is 3 onto the stack ) and printf arguments are pushed again in the same way.

That is STACK look like this.


THIRD     :  4     /* i++ */

SECOND :  4    /* ++ i */

FIRST      :  3    /* Local variable */


But because of statement i ++ , i value will increment the stack will be like this

THIRD     :  4     /* i++ */

SECOND :  4    /* ++ i */

FIRST      :  5    /* Local variable */



2.)

main( )
{
        int i = 3;
       
        printf ("%d %d %d \n", i++, ++i );

}


  While printing when it find first %d it prints the top of stack. That is 4, for second %d it prints next one 4 , for the last %d even though printf don't have last argument it prints 5.

I think I CONFUSED you , but NO PROBLEM once you understand this CONCEPT, you NEED NOT SEE THIS KIND OF PROGRAMS IN YOUR LIFE AGAIN 

Prints garbage value in turbo C!!!!

main( )
{
         int i = 3;
         int j = 10;

        printf ("%d %d %d \n", i++, ++i );

}


stack will be like this

FOURTH :   4     /* ++ i */

THIRD     :   4     /* i++ */

SECOND :  10    /* Local variable  j = 10 */

FIRST      :  3    /* Local variable  i  variables are always stored according to their order of declaration */

NOTE : Three %d s print                  4               4               10
            Four %d s print                   4               4                10               3


( In some compilers it may not be answer,)



Section 1. Declarations and Initializations

1.1:    How do you decide which integer type to use?

A:      If you might need large values (tens of thousands), use long.
        Otherwise, if space is very important, use short.  Otherwise,
        use int.

1.4:    What should the 64-bit type on a machine that can support it?

A:      C9X specifies long long.

1.7:    What's the best way to declare and define global variables?

A:      The best arrangement is to place each definition in some
        relevant .c file, with an external declaration in a header file.

1.11:   What does extern mean in a function declaration?

A:      Nothing, really; the keyword extern is optional here.

1.12:   What's the auto keyword good for?

A:      Nothing.

1.14:   I can't seem to define a linked list node which contains a
        pointer to itself.

A:      Structures in C can certainly contain pointers to themselves;
        the discussion and example in section 6.5 of K&R make this
        clear.  Problems arise if an attempt is made to define (and use)
        a typedef in the midst of such a declaration; avoid this.

1.21:   How do I declare an array of N pointers to functions returning
        pointers to functions returning pointers to characters?

A:      char *(*(*a[N])())();
        Using a chain of typedefs, or the cdecl program, makes these
        declarations easier.

1.22:   How can I declare a function that returns a pointer to a
        function of its own type?

A:      You can't quite do it directly.  Use a cast, or wrap a struct
        around the pointer and return that.

1.25:   My compiler is complaining about an invalid redeclaration of a
        function, but I only define it once.

A:      Calling an undeclared function declares it implicitly as
        returning int.

1.25b:  What's the right declaration for main()?

A:      See questions 11.12a to 11.15.

1.30:   What am I allowed to assume about the initial values
        of variables which are not explicitly initialized?

A:      Uninitialized variables with "static" duration start out as 0,
        as if the programmer had initialized them.  Variables with
        "automatic" duration, and dynamically-allocated memory, start
        out containing garbage (with the exception of calloc).

1.31:   Why can't I initialize a local array with a string?

A:      Perhaps you have a pre-ANSI compiler.

1.31b:  What's wrong with "char *p = malloc(10);" ?

A:      Function calls are not allowed in initializers for global or
        static variables.

1.32:   What is the difference between char a[] = "string"; and
        char *p = "string"; ?

A:      The first declares an initialized and modifiable array; the
        second declares a pointer initialized to a not-necessarily-
        modifiable constant string.

1.34:   How do I initialize a pointer to a function?

A:      Use something like "extern int func(); int (*fp)() = func;" .


Section 2. Structures, Unions, and Enumerations

2.1:    What's the difference between struct x1 { ... }; and
        typedef struct { ... } x2; ?

A:      The first structure is named by a tag, the second by a typedef
        name.

2.2:    Why doesn't "struct x { ... }; x thestruct;" work?

A:      C is not C++.

2.3:    Can a structure contain a pointer to itself?

A:      See question 1.14.

2.4:    What's the best way of implementing opaque (abstract) data types
        in C?

A:      One good way is to use structure pointers which point to
        structure types which are not publicly defined.

2.6:    I came across some code that declared a structure with the last
        member an array of one element, and then did some tricky
        allocation to make it act like the array had several elements.
        Is this legal or portable?

A:      An official interpretation has deemed that it is not strictly
        conforming with the C Standard.

2.7:    I heard that structures could be assigned to variables and
        passed to and from functions, but K&R1 says not.

A:      These operations are supported by all modern compilers.

2.8:    Is there a way to compare structures automatically?

A:      No.

2.10:   Can I pass constant values to functions which accept structure
        arguments?

A:      Not yet.  As of this writing, C has no way of generating
        anonymous structure values.

2.11:   How can I read/write structures from/to data files?

A:      It is relatively straightforward to use fread and fwrite.

2.12:   How can I turn off structure padding?

A:      There is no standard method.

2.13:   Why does sizeof report a larger size than I expect for a
        structure type?

A:      The alignment of arrays of structures must be preserved.

2.14:   How can I determine the byte offset of a field within a
        structure?

A:      ANSI C defines the offsetof() macro, which should be used if
        available.

2.15:   How can I access structure fields by name at run time?

A:      Build a table of names and offsets, using the offsetof() macro.

2.18:   I have a program which works correctly, but dumps core after it
        finishes.  Why?

A:      Check to see if a structure type declaration just before main()
        is missing its trailing semicolon, causing main() to be declared
        as returning a structure.  See also questions 10.9 and 16.4.

2.20:   Can I initialize unions?

A:      The current C Standard allows an initializer for the first-named
        member.

2.22:   What is the difference between an enumeration and a set of
        preprocessor #defines?

A:      At the present time, there is little difference.  The C Standard
        states that enumerations are compatible with integral types.

2.24:   Is there an easy way to print enumeration values symbolically?

A:      No.


Section 3. Expressions

3.1:    Why doesn't the code "a[i] = i++;" work?

A:      The variable i is both referenced and modified in the same
        expression.

3.2:    Under my compiler, the code "int i = 7;
        printf("%d\n", i++ * i++);" prints 49.  Regardless of the order
        of evaluation, shouldn't it print 56?

A:      The operations implied by the postincrement and postdecrement
        operators ++ and -- are performed at some time after the
        operand's former values are yielded and before the end of the
        expression, but not necessarily immediately after, or before
        other parts of the expression are evaluated.

3.3:    What should the code "int i = 3; i = i++;" do?

A:      The expression is undefined.

3.3b:   Here's a slick expression: "a ^= b ^= a ^= b".  It swaps a and b
        without using a temporary.

A:      Not portably; its behavior is undefined.

3.4:    Don't precedence and parentheses dictate order of evaluation?

3.3b:   Here's a slick expression: "a ^= b ^= a ^= b".  It swaps a and b
        without using a temporary.

A:      Not portably; its behavior is undefined.

3.4:    Don't precedence and parentheses dictate order of evaluation?

A:      Operator precedence and explicit parentheses impose only a
        partial ordering on the evaluation of an expression, which does
        not generally include the order of side effects.

3.5:    But what about the && and || operators?

A:      There is a special exception for those operators: left-to-right
        evaluation is guaranteed.

3.8:    What's a "sequence point"?

A:      A point (at the end of a full expression, or at the ||, &&, ?:,
        or comma operators, or just before a function call) at which all
        side effects are guaranteed to be complete.

3.9:    So given a[i] = i++; we don't know which cell of a[] gets
        written to, but i does get incremented by one, right?

A:      *No*.  Once an expression or program becomes undefined, *all*
        aspects of it become undefined.

3.12:   If I'm not using the value of the expression, should I use i++
        or ++i to increment a variable?

A:      Since the two forms differ only in the value yielded, they are
        entirely equivalent when only their side effect is needed.

3.14:   Why doesn't the code "int a = 1000, b = 1000;
        long int c = a * b;" work?

A:      You must manually cast one of the operands to (long).

3.16:   Can I use ?: on the left-hand side of an assignment expression?

A:      No.


Section 4. Pointers

4.2:    What's wrong with "char *p; *p = malloc(10);"?

A:      The pointer you declared is p, not *p.

4.3:    Does *p++ increment p, or what it points to?

A:      *p++ increments p.  To increment the value pointed to by p, use
        (*p)++ .

4.5:    I want to use a char * pointer to step over some ints.  Why
        doesn't "((int *)p)++;" work?

A:      In C, a cast operator is a conversion operator, and by
        definition it yields an rvalue, which cannot be assigned to, or
        incremented with ++.

4.8:    I have a function which accepts, and is supposed to initialize,
        a pointer, but the pointer in the caller remains unchanged.

A:      The called function probably altered only the passed copy of the
        pointer.

4.9:    Can I use a void ** pointer as a parameter so that a function
        can accept a generic pointer by reference?

A:      Not portably.

4.10:   I have a function which accepts a pointer to an int.  How can I
        pass a constant like 5 to it?

A:      You will have to declare a temporary variable.

4.11:   Does C even have "pass by reference"?

A:      Not really, though it can be simulated.

4.12:   I've seen different methods used for calling functions via

A:      The extra parentheses and explicit * are now>

Transfer interrupted!

older implementations require them.


Section 5. Null Pointers

5.1:    What is this infamous null pointer, anyway?

A:      For each pointer type, there is a special value -- the "null
        pointer" -- which is distinguishable from all other pointer
        values and which is not the address of any object or function.

5.2:    How do I get a null pointer in my programs?

A:      A constant 0 in a pointer context is converted into a null
        pointer at compile time.  A "pointer context" is an
        initialization, assignment, or comparison with one side a
        variable or expression of pointer type, and (in ANSI standard C)
        a function argument which has a prototype in scope declaring a
        certain parameter as being of pointer type.  In other contexts
        (function arguments without prototypes, or in the variable part
        of variadic function calls) a constant 0 with an appropriate
        explicit cast is required.

5.3:    Is the abbreviated pointer comparison "if(p)" to test for non-
        null pointers valid?

A:      Yes.  The construction "if(p)" works, regardless of the internal
        representation of null pointers, because the compiler
        essentially rewrites it as "if(p != 0)" and goes on to convert 0
        into the correct null pointer.

5.4:    What is NULL and how is it #defined?

A:      NULL is simply a preprocessor macro, #defined as 0 (or
        ((void *)0)), which is used (as a stylistic convention, in
        preference to unadorned 0's) to generate null pointers.

5.5:    How should NULL be defined on a machine which uses a nonzero bit
        pattern as the internal representation of a null pointer?

A:      The same as on any other machine: as 0.  (The compiler makes the
        translation, upon seeing a 0, not the preprocessor; see also
        question 5.4.)

5.6:    If NULL were defined as "((char *)0)," wouldn't that make
        function calls which pass an uncast NULL work?

A:      Not in general.  The complication is that there are machines
        which use different internal representations for pointers to
        different types of data.  A cast is still required to tell the
        compiler which kind of null pointer is required, since it may be
        different from (char *)0.

5.9:    If NULL and 0 are equivalent as null pointer constants, which
        should I use?

A:      Either; the distinction is entirely stylistic.

5.10:   But wouldn't it be better to use NULL, in case the value of NULL
        changes?

A:      No.  NULL is a constant zero, so a constant zero is equally
        sufficient.

5.12:   I use the preprocessor macro "#define Nullptr(type) (type *)0"
        to help me build null pointers of the correct type.

A:      This trick, though valid, does not buy much.

5.13:   This is strange.  NULL is guaranteed to be 0, but the null
        pointer is not?

A:      A "null pointer" is a language concept whose particular internal
        value does not matter.  A null pointer is requested in source
        code with the character "0".  "NULL" is a preprocessor macro,
        which is always #defined as 0 (or ((void *)0)).

5.14:   Why is there so much confusion surrounding null pointers?

A:      The fact that null pointers are represented both in source code,
        and internally to most machines, as zero invites unwarranted
        assumptions.  The use of a preprocessor macro (NULL) may seem to
        suggest that the value could change some day, or on some weird
        machine.

5.15:   I'm confused.  I just can't understand all this null pointer
        stuff.

A:      A simple rule is, "Always use `0' or `NULL' for null pointers,
        and always cast them when they are used as arguments in function
        calls."

5.16:   Given all the confusion surrounding null pointers, wouldn't it
        be easier simply to require them to be represented internally by
        zeroes?

A:      Such a requirement would accomplish little.

5.17:   Seriously, have any actual machines really used nonzero null
        pointers?

A:      Machines manufactured by Prime, Honeywell-Bull, and CDC, as well
        as Symbolics Lisp Machines, have done so.

5.20:   What does a run-time "null pointer assignment" error mean?

A:      It means that you've written, via a null pointer, to an invalid
        location.  (See also question 16.8.)


Section 6. Arrays and Pointers

6.1:    I had the definition char a[6] in one source file, and in
        another I declared extern char *a.  Why didn't it work?

A:      The declaration extern char *a simply does not match the actual
        definition.  Use extern char a[].

6.2:    But I heard that char a[] was identical to char *a.

A:      Not at all.  Arrays are not pointers.  A reference like x[3]
        generates different code depending on whether x is an array or a
        pointer.

6.3:    So what is meant by the "equivalence of pointers and arrays" in
        C?

A:      An lvalue of type array-of-T which appears in an expression
        decays into a pointer to its first element; the type of the
        resultant pointer is pointer-to-T.  So for an array a and
        pointer p, you can say "p = a;" and then p[3] and a[3] will
        access the same element.

6.4:    Why are array and pointer declarations interchangeable as
        function formal parameters?

A:      It's supposed to be a convenience.

6.7:    How can an array be an lvalue, if you can't assign to it?

A:      An array is not a "modifiable lvalue."

6.8:    What is the real difference between arrays and pointers?

A:      Arrays automatically allocate space which is fixed in size and
        location; pointers are dynamic.

6.9:    Someone explained to me that arrays were really just constant
        pointers.

A:      An array name is "constant" in that it cannot be assigned to,
        but an array is *not* a pointer.

6.11:   I came across some "joke" code containing the "expression"
        5["abcdef"] .  How can this be legal C?

A:      Yes, array subscripting is commutative in C.  The array
        subscripting operation a[e] is defined as being identical to
        *((a)+(e)).

6.12:   What's the difference between array and &array?

A:      The type.

6.13:   How do I declare a pointer to an array?

A:      Usually, you don't want to.  Consider using a pointer to one of
        the array's elements instead.

6.14:   How can I set an array's size at run time?

A:      It's straightforward to use malloc() and a pointer.

6.15:   How can I declare local arrays of a size matching a passed-in
        array?

A:      Until recently, you couldn't; array dimensions had to be compile-
        time constants.  C9X will fix this.

6.16:   How can I dynamically allocate a multidimensional array?

A:      The traditional solution is to allocate an array of pointers,
        and then initialize each pointer to a dynamically-allocated
        "row."  See the full list for code samples.

6.17:   Can I simulate a non-0-based array with a pointer?

A:      Not if the pointer points outside of the block of memory it is
        intended to access.

6.18:   My compiler complained when I passed a two-dimensional array to
        a function expecting a pointer to a pointer.

A:      The rule by which arrays decay into pointers is not applied
        recursively.  An array of arrays (i.e. a two-dimensional array
        in C) decays into a pointer to an array, not a pointer to a
        pointer.

6.19:   How do I write functions which accept two-dimensional arrays
        when the width is not known at compile time?

A:      It's not always particularly easy.

6.20:   How can I use statically- and dynamically-allocated
        multidimensional arrays interchangeably when passing them to
        functions?

A:      There is no single perfect method, but see the full list for
        some ideas.

6.21:   Why doesn't sizeof properly report the size of an array which is
        a parameter to a function?

A:      The sizeof operator reports the size of the pointer parameter
        which the function actually receives.


Section 7. Memory Allocation

7.1:    Why doesn't the code "char *answer; gets(answer);" work?

A:      The pointer variable answer has not been set to point to any
        valid storage.  The simplest way to correct this fragment is to
        use a local array, instead of a pointer.

7.2:    I can't get strcat() to work.  I tried "char *s3 =
        strcat(s1, s2);" but I got strange results.

A:      Again, the main problem here is that space for the concatenated
        result is not properly allocated.

7.3:    But the man page for strcat() says that it takes two char *'s as
        arguments.  How am I supposed to know to allocate things?

A:      In general, when using pointers you *always* have to consider
        memory allocation, if only to make sure that the compiler is
        doing it for you.

7.3b:   I just tried the code "char *p; strcpy(p, "abc");" and it
        worked.  Why didn't it crash?

A:      You got "lucky".

7.3c:   How much memory does a pointer variable allocate?

A:      Only enough memory to hold the pointer itself, not any memory
        for the pointer to point to.

7.5a:   I have a function that is supposed to return a string, but when
        it returns to its caller, the returned string is garbage.

A:      Make sure that the pointed-to memory is properly (i.e. not
        locally) allocated.

7.5b:   So what's the right way to return a string?

A:      Return a pointer to a statically-allocated buffer, a buffer
        passed in by the caller, or memory obtained with malloc().

7.6:    Why am I getting "warning: assignment of pointer from integer
        lacks a cast" for calls to malloc()?

A:      Have you #included ?

7.7:    Why does some code carefully cast the values returned by malloc
        to the pointer type being allocated?

A:      Before ANSI/ISO C, these casts were required to silence certain
        warnings.

7.8:    Why does so much code leave out the multiplication by
        sizeof(char) when allocating strings?

A:      Because sizeof(char) is, by definition, exactly 1.

7.14:   I've heard that some operating systems don't actually allocate
        malloc'ed memory until the program tries to use it.  Is this
        legal?

A:      It's hard to say.

7.16:   I'm allocating a large array for some numeric work, but malloc()
        is acting strangely.

A:      Make sure the number you're trying to pass to malloc() isn't
        bigger than a size_t can hold.

7.17:   I've got 8 meg of memory in my PC.  Why can I only seem to
        malloc 640K or so?

A:      Under the segmented architecture of PC compatibles, it can be
        difficult to use more than 640K with any degree of transparency.
        See also question 19.23.

7.19:   My program is crashing, apparently somewhere down inside malloc.

A:      Make sure you aren't using more memory than you malloc'ed,
        especially for strings (which need strlen(str) + 1 bytes).

7.20:   You can't use dynamically-allocated memory after you free it,
        can you?

A:      No.  Some early documentation implied otherwise, but the claim
        is no longer valid.

7.21:   Why isn't a pointer null after calling free()?

A:      C's pass-by-value semantics mean that called functions can never
        permanently change the values of their arguments.

7.22:   When I call malloc() to allocate memory for a local pointer, do
        I have to explicitly free() it?

A:      Yes.

7.23:   When I free a dynamically-allocated structure containing
        pointers, do I also have to free each subsidiary pointer?

A:      Yes.

7.24:   Must I free allocated memory before the program exits?

A:      You shouldn't have to.

7.25:   Why doesn't my program's memory usage go down when I free
        memory?

A:      Most implementations of malloc/free do not return freed memory
        to the operating system.

7.26:   How does free() know how many bytes to free?

A:      The malloc/free implementation remembers the size of each block
        as it is allocated.

7.27:   So can I query the malloc package to find out how big an
        allocated block is?

A:      Not portably.

7.30:   Is it legal to pass a null pointer as the first argument to
        realloc()?

A:      ANSI C sanctions this usage, although several earlier
        implementations do not support it.

7.31:   What's the difference between calloc() and malloc()?

A:      calloc() takes two arguments, and initializes the allocated
        memory to all-bits-0.

7.32:   What is alloca() and why is its use discouraged?

A:      alloca() allocates memory which is automatically freed when the
        function which called alloca() returns.  alloca() cannot be
        written portably, is difficult to implement on machines without
        a stack, and fails under certain conditions if implemented
        simply.


Section 8. Characters and Strings

8.1:    Why doesn't "strcat(string, '!');" work?

A:      strcat() concatenates *strings*, not characters.

8.2:    Why won't the test if(string == "value") correctly compare
        string against the value?

A:      It's comparing pointers.  To compare two strings, use strcmp().

8.3:    Why can't I assign strings to character arrays?

A:      Strings are arrays, and you can't assign arrays directly.  Use
        strcpy() instead.

8.6:    How can I get the numeric (character set) value corresponding to
        a character?

A:      In C, if you have the character, you have its value.

8.9:    Why is sizeof('a') not 1?

A:      Character constants in C are of type int.


Section 9. Boolean Expressions and Variables

9.1:    What is the right type to use for Boolean values in C?

A:      There's no one right answer; see the full list for some
        discussion.

9.2:    What if a built-in logical or relational operator "returns"
        something other than 1?

A:      When a Boolean value is generated by a built-in operator, it is
        guaranteed to be 1 or 0.  (This is *not* true for some library
        routines such as isalpha.)

9.3:    Is if(p), where p is a pointer, valid?

A:      Yes.  See question 5.3.


Section 10. C Preprocessor

10.2:   I've got some cute preprocessor macros that let me write C code
        that looks more like Pascal.  What do y'all think?

A:      Bleah.

10.3:   How can I write a generic macro to swap two values?

A:      There is no good answer to this question.  The best all-around
        solution is probably to forget about using a macro.

10.4:   What's the best way to write a multi-statement macro?

A:      #define Func() do {stmt1; stmt2; ... } while(0) /* (no trailing ;) */

10.6:   What are .h files and what should I put in them?

A:      Header files (also called ".h files") should generally contain
        common declarations and macro, structure, and typedef
        definitions, but not variable or function definitions.

10.7:   Is it acceptable for one header file to #include another?

A:      It's a question of style, and thus receives considerable debate.

10.8a:  What's the difference between #include <> and #include "" ?

A:      Roughly speaking, the <> syntax is for Standard headers and ""
        is for project headers.

10.8b:  What are the complete rules for header file searching?

A:      The exact behavior is implementation-defined; see the full list
        for some discussion.

10.9:   I'm getting strange syntax errors on the very first declaration
        in a file, but it looks fine.

A:      Perhaps there's a missing semicolon at the end of the last
        declaration in the last header file you're #including.

10.10b: I'm #including the header file for a function, but the linker
        keeps saying it's undefined.

A:      See question 13.25.

10.11:  Where can I get a copy of a missing header file?

A:      Contact your vendor, or see question 18.16 or the full list.

10.12:  How can I construct preprocessor #if expressions which compare
        strings?

A:      You can't do it directly; try #defining several manifest
        constants and implementing conditionals on those.

10.13:  Does the sizeof operator work in preprocessor #if directives?

A:      No.

10.14:  Can I use an #ifdef in a #define line, to define something two
        different ways?

A:      No.

10.15:  Is there anything like an #ifdef for typedefs?

A:      Unfortunately, no.

10.16:  How can I use a preprocessor #if expression to detect
        endianness?

A:      You probably can't.

10.18:  How can I preprocess some code to remove selected conditional
        compilations, without preprocessing everything?

A:      Look for a program called unifdef, rmifdef, or scpp.

10.19:  How can I list all of the predefined identifiers?

A:      If the compiler documentation is unhelpful, try extracting
        printable strings from the compiler or preprocessor executable.

10.20:  I have some old code that tries to construct identifiers with a
        macro like "#define Paste(a, b) a/**/b", but it doesn't work any
        more.

A:      Try the ANSI token-pasting operator ##.

10.22:  What does the message "warning: macro replacement within a
        string literal" mean?

A:      See question 11.18.

10.23-4: I'm having trouble using macro arguments inside string
        literals, using the `#' operator.

A:      See questions 11.17 and 11.18.

10.25:  I've got this tricky preprocessing I want to do and I can't
        figure out a way to do it.

A:      Consider writing your own little special-purpose preprocessing
        tool, instead.

10.26:  How can I write a macro which takes a variable number of
        arguments?

A:      Here is one popular trick.  Note that the parentheses around
        printf's argument list are in the macro call, not the
        definition.

                #define DEBUG(args) (printf("DEBUG: "), printf args)

                if(n != 0) DEBUG(("n is %d\n", n));


Section 11. ANSI/ISO Standard C

11.1:   What is the "ANSI C Standard?"

A:      In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
        commissioned a committee to standardize the C language.  Their
        work was ratified as ANS X3.159-1989, and has since been adopted
        as ISO/IEC 9899:1990, and later amended.

11.2:   How can I get a copy of the Standard?

A:      Copies are available from ANSI in New York, or from Global
        Engineering Documents in Englewood, CO, or from any national
        standards body, or from ISO in Geneva, or republished within one
        or more books.  See the unabridged list for details.

11.2b:  Where can I get information about updates to the Standard?

A:      See the full list for pointers.

11.3:   My ANSI compiler is complaining about prototype mismatches for
        parameters declared float.

A:      You have mixed the new-style prototype declaration
        "extern int func(float);" with the old-style definition
        "int func(x) float x;".  "Narrow" types are treated differently
        according to which syntax is used.  This problem can be fixed by
        avoiding narrow types, or by using either new-style (prototype)
        or old-style syntax consistently.

11.4:   Can you mix old-style and new-style function syntax?

A:      Doing so is currently legal, for most argument types
        (see question 11.3).

11.5:   Why does the declaration "extern int f(struct x *p);" give me a
        warning message?

A:      A structure declared (or even mentioned) for the first time
        within a prototype cannot be compatible with other structures
        declared in the same source file.

11.8:   Why can't I use const values in initializers and array
        dimensions?

A:      The value of a const-qualified object is *not* a constant
        expression in the full sense of the term.

11.9:   What's the difference between "const char *p" and
        "char * const p"?

A:      The former declares a pointer to a constant character; the
        latter declares a constant pointer to a character.

11.10:  Why can't I pass a char ** to a function which expects a
        const char **?

A:      The rule which permits slight mismatches in qualified pointer
        assignments is not applied recursively.

11.12a: What's the correct declaration of main()?

A:      int main(int argc, char *argv[]) .

11.12b: Can I declare main() as void, to shut off these annoying "main
        returns no value" messages?

A:      No.

11.13:  But what about main's third argument, envp?

A:      It's a non-standard (though common) extension.

11.14:  I believe that declaring void main() can't fail, since I'm
        calling exit() instead of returning.

A:      It doesn't matter whether main() returns or not, the problem is
        that its caller may not even be able to *call* it correctly.

11.15:  The book I've been using always uses void main().

A:      It's wrong.

11.16:  Is exit(status) truly equivalent to returning the same status
        from main()?

A:      Yes and no.  (See the full list for details.)

11.17:  How do I get the ANSI "stringizing" preprocessing operator `#'
        to stringize the macro's value instead of its name?

A:      You can use a two-step #definition to force a macro to be
        expanded as well as stringized.

11.18:  What does the message "warning: macro replacement within a
        string literal" mean?

A:      Some pre-ANSI compilers/preprocessors expanded macro parameters
        even inside string literals and character constants.

11.19:  I'm getting strange syntax errors inside lines I've #ifdeffed
        out.

A:      Under ANSI C, #ifdeffed-out text must still consist of "valid
        preprocessing tokens."  This means that there must be no
        newlines inside quotes, and no unterminated comments or quotes
        (i.e. no single apostrophes).

11.20:  What are #pragmas ?

A:      The #pragma directive provides a single, well-defined "escape
        hatch" which can be used for extensions.

11.21:  What does "#pragma once" mean?

A:      It is an extension implemented by some preprocessors to help
        make header files idempotent.

11.22:  Is char a[3] = "abc"; legal?

A:      Yes, in ANSI C.

11.24:  Why can't I perform arithmetic on a void * pointer?

A:      The compiler doesn't know the size of the pointed-to objects.

11.25:  What's the difference between memcpy() and memmove()?

A:      memmove() offers guaranteed behavior if the source and
        destination arguments overlap.

11.26:  What should malloc(0) do?

A:      The behavior is implementation-defined.

11.27:  Why does the ANSI Standard not guarantee more than six case-
        insensitive characters of external identifier significance?

A:      The problem is older linkers which cannot be forced (by mere
        words in a Standard) to upgrade.

11.29:  My compiler is rejecting the simplest possible test programs,
        with all kinds of syntax errors.

A:      Perhaps it is a pre-ANSI compiler.

11.30:  Why are some ANSI/ISO Standard library functions showing up as
        undefined, even though I've got an ANSI compiler?

A:      Perhaps you don't have ANSI-compatible headers and libraries.

11.31:  Does anyone have a tool for converting old-style C programs to
        ANSI C, or for automatically generating prototypes?

A:      See the full list for details.

11.32:  Why won't frobozz-cc, which claims to be ANSI compliant, accept
        this code?

A:      Are you sure that the code being rejected doesn't rely on some
        non-Standard extension?

11.33:  What's the difference between implementation-defined,
        unspecified, and undefined behavior?

A:      If you're writing portable code, ignore the distinctions.
        Otherwise, see the full list.

11.34:  I'm appalled that the ANSI Standard leaves so many issues
        undefined.

A:      In most of these cases, the Standard is simply codifying
        existing practice.

11.35:  I just tried some allegedly-undefined code on an ANSI-conforming
        compiler, and got the results I expected.

A:      A compiler may do anything it likes when faced with undefined
        behavior, including doing what you expect.


Section 12. Stdio

12.1:   What's wrong with the code "char c; while((c = getchar()) !=
        EOF) ..."?

A:      The variable to hold getchar's return value must be an int.

12.2:   Why won't the code "while(!feof(infp)) {
        fgets(buf, MAXLINE, infp); fputs(buf, outfp); }" work?

A:      EOF is only indicated *after* an input routine fails.

12.4:   My program's prompts and intermediate output don't always show
        up on the screen.

A:      It's best to use an explicit fflush(stdout) whenever output
        should definitely be visible.

12.5:   How can I read one character at a time, without waiting for the
        RETURN key?

A:      See question 19.1.

12.6:   How can I print a '%' character with printf?

A:      "%%".

12.9:   How can printf() use %f for type double, if scanf() requires
        %lf?

A:      C's "default argument promotions" mean that values of type float
        are promoted to double.

12.9b:  What printf format should I use for a typedef when I don't know
        the underlying type?

A:      Use a cast to convert the value to a known type, then use the
        printf format matching that type.

12.10:  How can I implement a variable field width with printf?

A:      Use printf("%*d", width, x).

12.11:  How can I print numbers with commas separating the thousands?

A:      There is no standard routine (but see ).

12.12:  Why doesn't the call scanf("%d", i) work?

A:      The arguments you pass to scanf() must always be pointers.

12.13:  Why doesn't the code "double d; scanf("%f", &d);" work?

A:      Unlike printf(), scanf() uses %lf for double, and %f for float.

12.15:  How can I specify a variable width in a scanf() format string?

A:      You can't.

12.17:  When I read numbers from the keyboard with scanf "%d\n", it
        seems to hang until I type one extra line of input.

A:      Try using "%d" instead of "%d\n".

12.18:  I'm reading a number with scanf %d and then a string with
        gets(), but the compiler seems to be skipping the call to
        gets()!

A:      scanf() and gets() do not work well together.

12.19:  I'm re-prompting the user if scanf() fails, but sometimes it
        seems to go into an infinite loop.

A:      scanf() tends to "jam" on bad input since it does not discard
        it.

12.20:  Why does everyone say not to use scanf()?  What should I use
        instead?

A:      scanf() has a number of problems.  Usually, it's easier to read
        entire lines and then interpret them.

12.21:  How can I tell how much destination buffer space I'll need for
        an arbitrary sprintf call?  How can I avoid overflowing the
        destination buffer with sprintf()?

A:      Use the new snprintf() function, if you can.

12.23:  Why does everyone say not to use gets()?

A:      It cannot be prevented from overflowing the input buffer.

12.24:  Why does errno contain ENOTTY after a call to printf()?

A:      Don't worry about it.  It is only meaningful for a program to
        inspect the contents of errno after an error has been reported.

12.25:  What's the difference between fgetpos/fsetpos and ftell/fseek?

A:      fgetpos() and fsetpos() use a special typedef which may allow
        them to work with larger files than ftell() and fseek().

12.26:  Will fflush(stdin) flush unread characters from the standard
        input stream?

A:      No.

12.30:  I'm trying to update a file in place, by using fopen mode "r+",
        but it's not working.

A:      Be sure to call fseek between reading and writing.

12.33:  How can I redirect stdin or stdout from within a program?

A:      Use freopen().

12.34:  Once I've used freopen(), how can I get the original stream
        back?

A:      There isn't a good way.  Try avoiding freopen.

12.36b: How can I arrange to have output go two places at once?

A:      You could write your own printf variant which printed everything
        twice.  See question 15.5.

12.38:  How can I read a binary data file properly?

A:      Be sure to specify "rb" mode when calling fopen().


Section 13. Library Functions

13.1:   How can I convert numbers to strings?

A:      Just use sprintf().

13.2:   Why does strncpy() not always write a '\0'?

A:      For mildly-interesting historical reasons.

13.5:   Why do some versions of toupper() act strangely if given an
        upper-case letter?

A:      Older versions of toupper() and tolower() did not always work as
        expected in this regard.

13.6:   How can I split up a string into whitespace-separated fields?

A:      Try strtok().

13.7:   I need some code to do regular expression and wildcard matching.

A:      regexp libraries abound; see the full list for details.

13.8:   I'm trying to sort an array of strings with qsort(), using
        strcmp() as the comparison function, but it's not working.

A:      You'll have to write a "helper" comparison function which takes
        two generic pointer arguments, converts them to char **, and
        dereferences them, yielding char *'s which can be usefully
        compared.

13.9:   Now I'm trying to sort an array of structures, but the compiler
        is complaining that the function is of the wrong type for
        qsort().

A:      The comparison function must be declared as accepting "generic
        pointers" (const void *) which it then converts to structure
        pointers.

13.10:  How can I sort a linked list?

A:      Algorithms like insertion sort and merge sort work well, or you
        can keep the list in order as you build it.

13.11:  How can I sort more data than will fit in memory?

A:      You want an "external sort"; see the full list for details.

13.12:  How can I get the time of day in a C program?

A:      Just use the time(), ctime(), localtime() and/or strftime()
        functions.

13.13:  How can I convert a struct tm or a string into a time_t?

A:      The ANSI mktime() function converts a struct tm to a time_t.  No
        standard routine exists to parse strings.

13.14:  How can I perform calendar manipulations?

A:      The ANSI/ISO Standard C mktime() and difftime() functions
        provide some support for both problems.

13.14b: Does C have any Year 2000 problems?

A:      No, although poorly-written C programs do.  Make sure you know
        that tm_year holds the value of the year minus 1900.

13.15:  I need a random number generator.

A:      The Standard C library has one: rand().

13.16:  How can I get random integers in a certain range?

A:      One method is something like

                (int)((double)rand() / ((double)RAND_MAX + 1) * N)

13.17:  Each time I run my program, I get the same sequence of numbers
        back from rand().

A:      You can call srand() to seed the pseudo-random number generator
        with a truly random initial value.

13.18:  I need a random true/false value, so I'm just taking rand() % 2,
        but it's alternating 0, 1, 0, 1, 0...

A:      Try using the higher-order bits: see question 13.16.

13.20:  How can I generate random numbers with a normal or Gaussian
        distribution?

A:      See the longer versions of this list for ideas.

13.24:  I'm trying to port this old program.  Why do I get "undefined
        external" errors for some library functions?

A:      Some semistandard functions have been renamed or replaced over
        the years; see the full list for details.

13.25:  I get errors due to library functions being undefined even
        though I #include the right header files.

A:      You may have to explicitly ask for the correct libraries to be
        searched.

13.26:  I'm still getting errors due to library functions being
        undefined, even though I'm requesting the right libraries.

A:      Library search order is significant; usually, you must search
        the libraries last.

13.28:  What does it mean when the linker says that _end is undefined?

A:      You generally get that message only when other symbols are
        undefined, too.


Section 14. Floating Point

14.1:   When I set a float variable to 3.1, why is printf printing it as
        3.0999999?

A:      Most computers use base 2 for floating-point numbers, and many
        fractions (including 0.1 decimal) are not exactly representable
        in base 2.

14.2:   Why is sqrt(144.) giving me crazy numbers?

A:      Make sure that you have #included , and correctly
        declared other functions returning double.

14.3:   I keep getting "undefined: sin" compilation errors.

A:      Make sure you're actually linking with the math library.

14.4:   My floating-point calculations are acting strangely and giving
        me different answers on different machines.

A:      First, see question 14.2 above.  If the problem isn't that
        simple, see the full list for a brief explanation, or any good
        programming book for a better one.

14.5:   What's a good way to check for "close enough" floating-point
        equality?

A:      The best way is to use an accuracy threshold which is relative
        to the magnitude of the numbers being compared.

14.6:   How do I round numbers?

A:      For positive numbers, try (int)(x + 0.5) .

14.7:   Where is C's exponentiation operator?

A:      Try using the pow() function.

14.8:   The predefined constant M_PI seems to be missing from .

A:      That constant is not standard.

14.9:   How do I test for IEEE NaN and other special values?

A:      There is not yet a portable way, but see the full list for
        ideas.

14.11:  What's a good way to implement complex numbers in C?

A:      It is straightforward to define a simple structure and some
        arithmetic functions to manipulate them.

14.12:  I'm looking for some mathematical library code.

A:      See Ajay Shah's index of free numerical software at
        ftp://ftp.math.psu.edu/pub/FAQ/numcomp-free-c .

14.13:  I'm having trouble with a Turbo C program which crashes and says
        something like "floating point formats not linked."

A:      You may have to insert a dummy call to a floating-point library
        function to force loading of floating-point support.


Section 15. Variable-Length Argument Lists

15.1:   I heard that you have to #include before calling
        printf().  Why?

A:      So that a proper prototype for printf() will be in scope.

15.2:   How can %f be used for both float and double arguments in
        printf()?

A:      In variable-length argument lists, types char and short int are
        promoted to int, and float is promoted to double.

15.3:   Why don't function prototypes guard against mismatches in
        printf's arguments?

A:      Function prototypes do not provide any information about the
        number and types of variable arguments.

15.4:   How can I write a function that takes a variable number of
        arguments?

A:      Use the header.

15.5:   How can I write a function that takes a format string and a
        variable number of arguments, like printf(), and passes them to
        printf() to do most of the work?

A:      Use vprintf(), vfprintf(), or vsprintf().

15.6:   How can I write a function analogous to scanf(), that calls
        scanf() to do most of the work?

A:      C9X will support vscanf().

15.7:   I have a pre-ANSI compiler, without .  What can I do?

A:      There's an older header, , which offers about the
        same functionality.

15.8:   How can I discover how many arguments a function was actually
        called with?

A:      Any function which takes a variable number of arguments must be
        able to determine *from the arguments' values* how many of them
        there are.

15.9:   My compiler isn't letting me declare a function that accepts
        *only* variable arguments.

A:      Standard C requires at least one fixed argument.

15.10:  Why isn't "va_arg(argp, float)" working?

A:      Because the "default argument promotions" apply in variable-
        length argument lists, you should always use
        va_arg(argp, double).

15.11:  I can't get va_arg() to pull in an argument of type pointer-to-
        function.

A:      Use a typedef.

15.12:  How can I write a function which takes a variable number of
        arguments and passes them to some other function ?

A:      In general, you cannot.

15.13:  How can I call a function with an argument list built up at run
        time?

A:      You can't.


Section 16. Strange Problems

16.1b:  I'm getting baffling syntax errors which make no sense at all,
        and it seems like large chunks of my program aren't being
        compiled.

A:      Check for unclosed comments or mismatched preprocessing
        directives.

16.1c:  Why isn't my procedure call working?

A:      Function calls always require parenthesized argument lists.

16.3:   This program crashes before it even runs!

A:      Look for very large, local arrays.
        (See also questions 11.12b, 16.4, 16.5, and 18.4.)

16.4:   I have a program that seems to run correctly, but then crashes
        as it's exiting.

A:      See the full list for ideas.

16.5:   This program runs perfectly on one machine, but I get weird
        results on another.

A:      See the full list for a brief list of possibilities.

16.6:   Why does the code "char *p = "hello, world!"; p[0] = 'H';"
        crash?

A:      String literals are not modifiable, except (in effect) when they
        are used as array initializers.

16.8:   What does "Segmentation violation" mean?

A:      It generally means that your program tried to access memory it
        shouldn't have, invariably as a result of stack corruption or
        improper pointer use.


Section 17. Style

17.1:   What's the best style for code layout in C?

A:      There is no one "best style," but see the full list for a few
        suggestions.

17.3:   Is the code "if(!strcmp(s1, s2))" good style?

A:      Not particularly.

17.4:   Why do some people write if(0 == x) instead of if(x == 0)?

A:      It's a trick to guard against the common error of writing
        if(x = 0) .

17.5:   I came across some code that puts a (void) cast before each call
        to printf().  Why?

A:      To suppress warnings about otherwise discarded return values.

17.8:   What is "Hungarian Notation"?

A:      It's a naming convention which encodes information about a
        variable's type in its name.

17.9:   Where can I get the "Indian Hill Style Guide" and other coding
        standards?

A:      See the unabridged list.

17.10:  Some people say that goto's are evil and that I should never use
        them.  Isn't that a bit extreme?

A:      Yes.  Absolute rules are an imperfect approach to good
        programming style.


Section 18. Tools and Resources

18.1:   I'm looking for C development tools (cross-reference generators,
        code beautifiers, etc.).

A:      See the full list for a few names.

18.2:   How can I track down these pesky malloc problems?

A:      See the full list for a list of tools.

18.3:   What's a free or cheap C compiler I can use?

A:      See the full list for a brief catalog.

18.4:   I just typed in this program, and it's acting strangely.  Can
        you see anything wrong with it?

A:      See if you can run lint first.

18.5:   How can I shut off the "warning: possible pointer alignment
        problem" message which lint gives me for each call to malloc()?

A:      It may be easier simply to ignore the message, perhaps in an
        automated way with grep -v.

18.7:   Where can I get an ANSI-compatible lint?

A:      See the unabridged list for two commercial products.

18.8:   Don't ANSI function prototypes render lint obsolete?

A:      No.  A good compiler may match most of lint's diagnostics; few
        provide all.

18.9:   Are there any C tutorials or other resources on the net?

A:      There are several of them.

18.10:  What's a good book for learning C?

A:      There are far too many books on C to list here; the full list
        contains a few pointers.

18.13:  Where can I find the sources of the standard C libraries?

A:      Several possibilites are listed in the full list.

18.13b: Is there an on-line C reference manual?

A:      Two possibilities are
        http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/standard_c/_index.html and
        http://www.dinkumware.com/htm_cl/index.html .

18.13c: Where can I get a copy of the ANSI/ISO C Standard?

A:      See question 11.2.

18.14:  I need code to parse and evaluate expressions.

A:      Several available packages are mentioned in the full list.

18.15:  Where can I get a BNF or YACC grammar for C?

A:      See the ANSI Standard, or the unabridged list.

18.15b: Does anyone have a C compiler test suite I can use?

A:      See the full list for several sources.

18.15c: Where are some collections of useful code fragments and
        examples?

A:      See the full list for a few sources.

18.15d: I need code for performing multiple precision arithmetic.

A:      See the full list for a few ideas.

18.16:  Where and how can I get copies of all these freely distributable
        programs?

A:      See the regular postings in the comp.sources.unix and
        comp.sources.misc newsgroups, or the full version of this list,
        for information.


Section 19. System Dependencies

19.1:   How can I read a single character from the keyboard without
        waiting for the RETURN key?

A:      Alas, there is no standard or portable way to do this sort of
        thing in C.

19.2:   How can I find out how many characters are available for
        reading, or do a non-blocking read?

A:      These, too, are entirely operating-system-specific.

19.3:   How can I display a percentage-done indication that updates
        itself in place, or show one of those "twirling baton" progress
        indicators?

A:      The character '\r' is a carriage return, and '\b' is a
        backspace.

19.4:   How can I clear the screen, or print text in color, or move the
        cursor?

A:      The only halfway-portable solution is the curses library.

19.5:   How do I read the arrow keys?  What about function keys?

A:      Such things depend on the keyboard, operating system, and
        library you're using.

19.6:   How do I read the mouse?

A:      What system are you using?

19.7:   How can I do serial ("comm") port I/O?

A:      It's system-dependent.

19.8:   How can I direct output to the printer?

A:      See the full list for ideas.

19.9:   How do I send escape sequences to control a terminal or other
        device?

A:      By sending them.  ESC is '\033' in ASCII.

19.10:  How can I do graphics?

A:      There is no portable way.

19.11:  How can I check whether a file exists?

A:      You can try the access() or stat() functions.  Otherwise, the
        only guaranteed and portable way is to try opening the file.

19.12:  How can I find out the size of a file, prior to reading it in?

A:      You might be able to get an estimate using stat() or fseek/ftell
        (but see the full list for caveats).

19.12b: How can I find the modification date of a file?

A:      Try stat().

19.13:  How can a file be shortened in-place without completely clearing
        or rewriting it?

A:      There are various ways to do this, but there is no portable
        solution.

19.14:  How can I insert or delete a line in the middle of a file?

A:      Short of rewriting the file, you probably can't.

19.15:  How can I recover the file name given an open file descriptor?

A:      This problem is, in general, insoluble.  It is best to remember
        the names of files yourself as you open them

19.16:  How can I delete a file?

A:      The Standard C Library function is remove().

19.16b: How do I copy files?

A:      Open the source and destination files and copy a character or
        block at a time, or see question 19.27.

19.17:  What's wrong with the call fopen("c:\newdir\file.dat", "r")?

A:      You probably need to double those backslashes.

19.18:  How can I increase the allowable number of simultaneously open
        files?

A:      Check your system documentation.

19.20:  How can I read a directory in a C program?

A:      See if you can use the opendir() and readdir() functions.

19.22:  How can I find out how much memory is available?

A:      Your operating system may provide a routine which returns this
        information.

19.23:  How can I allocate arrays or structures bigger than 64K?

A:      Some operating systems won't let you.

19.24:  What does the error message "DGROUP exceeds 64K" mean?

A:      It means that you have too much static data.

19.25:  How can I access memory located at a certain address?

A:      Set a pointer to the absolute address.

19.27:  How can I invoke another program from within a C program?

A:      Use system().

19.30:  How can I invoke another program and trap its output?

A:      Unix and some other systems provide a popen() function.

19.31:  How can my program discover the complete pathname to the
        executable from which it was invoked?

A:      argv[0] may contain all or part of the pathname.  You may be
        able to duplicate the command language interpreter's search path
        logic to locate the executable.

19.32:  How can I automatically locate a program's configuration files
        in the same directory as the executable?

A:      It's hard; see also question 19.31 above.

19.33:  How can a process change an environment variable in its caller?

A:      If it's possible to do so at all, it's system dependent.

19.36:  How can I read in an object file and jump to locations in it?

A:      You want a dynamic linker or loader.

19.37:  How can I implement a delay, or time a user's response, with sub-
        second resolution?

A:      Unfortunately, there is no portable way.

19.38:  How can I trap or ignore keyboard interrupts like control-C?

A:      Use signal().

19.39:  How can I handle floating-point exceptions gracefully?

A:      Take a look at matherr() and signal(SIGFPE).

19.40:  How do I...  Use sockets?  Do networking?  Write client/server
        applications?

A:      These questions have more to do with the networking facilities
        you have available than they do with C.

19.40b: How do I...  Use BIOS calls?  Write ISR's?  Create TSR's?

A:      These are very particular to a particular system.

19.40c: I'm trying to compile a program in which "union REGS" and
        int86() are undefined.

A:      Those have to do with MS-DOS interrupt programming.

19.41:  But I can't use all these nonstandard, system-dependent
        functions, because my program has to be ANSI compatible!

A:      That's an impossible requirement.  Any real program requires at
        least a few services which ANSI doesn't define.


Section 20. Miscellaneous

20.1:   How can I return multiple values from a function?

A:      Either pass pointers to several locations which the function can
        fill in, or have the function return a structure containing the
        desired values.

20.3:   How do I access command-line arguments?

A:      Via main()'s argv parameter.

20.5:   How can I write data files which can be read on other machines
        with different data formats?

A:      The most portable solution is to use text files.

20.6:   How can I call a function, given its name as a string?

A:      The most straightforward thing to do is to maintain a
        correspondence table of names and function pointers.

20.8:   How can I implement sets or arrays of bits?

A:      Use arrays of char or int, with a few macros to access the
        desired bit at the proper index.

20.9:   How can I determine whether a machine's byte order is big-endian
        or little-endian?

A:      The usual tricks involve pointers or unions.

20.10:  How can I convert integers to binary or hexadecimal?

A:      Internally, integers are already in binary.  During I/O, you may
        be able to select a base.

20.11:  Can I use base-2 constants (something like 0b101010)?
        Is there a printf() format for binary?

A:      No, on both counts.

20.12:  What is the most efficient way to count the number of bits which
        are set in an integer?

A:      Many "bit-fiddling" problems like this one can be sped up and
        streamlined using lookup tables.

20.13:  What's the best way of making my program efficient?

A:      By picking good algorithms and implementing them carefully.

20.14:  Are pointers really faster than arrays?  How much do function
        calls slow things down?

A:      Precise answers to these and many similar questions depend on
        the processor and compiler in use.

20.15b: People claim that optimizing compilers are good, but mine can't
        even replace i/=2 with a shift.

A:      Was i signed or unsigned?

20.15c: How can I swap two values without using a temporary?

A:      The "clever" trick is a ^= b; b ^= a; a ^= b; see also question
        3.3b.

20.17:  Is there a way to switch on strings?

A:      Not directly.

20.18:  Is there a way to have non-constant case labels (i.e. ranges or
        arbitrary expressions)?

A:      No.

20.19:  Are the outer parentheses in return statements really optional?

A:      Yes.

20.20:  Why don't C comments nest?  Are they legal inside quoted
        strings?

A:      C comments don't nest because PL/I's comments don't either.  The
        character sequences /* and */ are not special within double-
        quoted strings.

20.20b: What does a+++++b mean ?

A:      Nothing.  It's interpreted as "a ++ ++ + b", and cannot be
        parsed.

20.24:  Why doesn't C have nested functions?

A:      They were deliberately left out of C as a simplification.

20.24b: What is assert()?

A:      It is a macro which documents an assumption being made by the
        programmer; it terminates the program if the assumption is
        violated.

20.25:  How can I call FORTRAN (C++, BASIC, Pascal, Ada, LISP) functions
        from C?

A:      The answer is entirely dependent on the machine and the specific
        calling sequences of the various compilers in use.

20.26:  Does anyone know of a program for converting Pascal or FORTRAN
        to C?

A:      Several freely distributable programs are available, namely
        ptoc, p2c, and f2c.  See the full list for details.

20.27:  Can I use a C++ compiler to compile C code?

A:      Not necessarily; C++ is not a strict superset of C.

20.28:  I need to compare two strings for close, but not necessarily
        exact, equality.

A:      See the full list for ideas.

20.29:  What is hashing?

A:      A mapping of strings (or other data structures) to integers, for
        easier searching.

20.31:  How can I find the day of the week given the date?

A:      Use mktime(), Zeller's congruence, or some code in the full
        list.

20.32:  Will 2000 be a leap year?

A:      Yes.

20.34:  How do you write a program which produces its own source code as
        output?

A:      Here's one:

                char*s="char*s=%c%s%c;main(){printf(s,34,s,34);}";
                main(){printf(s,34,s,34);}

20.35:  What is "Duff's Device"?

A:      It's a devastatingly deviously unrolled byte-copying loop.  See
        the full list for details.

20.36:  When will the next Obfuscated C Code Contest be held?
        How can I get a copy of previous winning entries?

A:      See the full list, or http://www.ioccc.org/index.html .

20.37:  What was the entry keyword mentioned in K&R1?

A:      It was reserved to allow functions with multiple, differently-
        named entry points, but it has been withdrawn.

20.38:  Where does the name "C" come from, anyway?

A:      C was derived from B, which was inspired by BCPL, which was a
        simplification of CPL.

20.39:  How do you pronounce "char"?

A:      Like the English words "char," "care," or "car" (your choice).

20.39b: What do "lvalue" and "rvalue" mean?

A:      An "lvalue" denotes an object that has a location; an "rvalue"
        is any expression that has a value.

C FUNDA


main()
{        char a= 'A';
        if( (a=='Z')||( (a='L')&&( a=='A')))
                a=a;
               printf("%c",a);
        printf(" Nothing ");
}

L Nothing


main()
{      static int a[5] = {2,4,6,8,10};
       int i,b=5;
       for(i=0; i< 5;i++){
               f(a[i],&b);
               printf("%d %d\n",a[i],b);
       }
}


f(x,y)
int x,*y;
{
       x=*(y)+=2;
}
main()
{
printf("hello");
fork();
}


2 7
4 9
6 11
8 13
10 15








main()
{

   char    as[] = "\\0\0";

    int     i = 0;
    do{
    switch( as[i++]){
        case '\\' : printf("A");
                    break;
        case 0   : printf("B");
                    break;
        default : printf("C");
                break;
                }
    }
    while(i<3);
}

Ans: ACB









main()
{
       int a;

       a = (1,45,012);

       printf("%d", a)
}

Ans: 10
012 octal ==10 in decimal
(, , ,)  last value is taken





main()
{
int i = 10;
printf(" %d %d %d \n", ++i, i++, ++i);
}

Ans: 13 11 11







#include
main()
{
int arr[3][3] = {1,2,3,
                4,5,6,
                7,8,9};
int i,j;
for (j=2;j>=0;j--){
       for(i=2;i>=0;i--){
       printf("\n%d",*(*(arr+i)+j));
       printf("\n TATATATA");
       }
       }
}


main()
       {
               int i = 5, j=10;
               abc(&i,&j);
               printf("%d..%d",i,j);
       }

       abc(int *i, int *j)
       {
               *i = *i + *j;
               *j = *i - *j;
               *i = *i - *j;
       }

#define PRINT(int) printf( "int = %d ", int)
main()
{
int x=03,y=02,z=01;
PRINT (x | y & ~z);
PRINT (x & y && z);
PRINT (x ^ y & ~z);
}

main()
{
     int a,b,c;
     for (b=c=10;a= "Love Your INDIA \
 TFy!QJu ROo TNn(ROo)SLq SLq ULo+UHs UJq TNn*RPn/QPbEWS_JSWQAIJO^NBELP\
 eHBFHT}TnALVlBLOFAKFCFQHFOQIAIREETMSQGCSQOUHATFAJKSbEALGSkMCSlOASn^r\
 ^r\\tZvYxXyT|S~Pn SPm SOn TNn ULo0ULo#ULo-WHq!WFs XDt!"[b+++6];)
     while(a-->64) putchar (++c=='Z'?c=c/9:33^b&1);
}

main()
{
unsigned int m[] = { 0x01,0x02, 0x04, 0x08,0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80};
       unsigned int n,i;
               scanf("%d",&n);
                       for(i=0;i<=7;i++)
                               {  if (n& m[i])
                                               printf("\nyes");
                                               else
                                               printf("\nno");
                               }
       }


main()
{
int a,b=2,c;
int *pointer;
c = 3;
pointer = &c;
a = c/*pointer;
b = c /* assigning 3 to b*/;
printf("a = %d; b = %d", a,b);
}

main()
>{
>int i ;
>i = 1;
> i= i+2*i++;
> printf("i is now %d",i);
> }
> 
>#define MAX(x,y) (x) >(y)?(x):(y)
>main()
>{
>       int i=10,j=5,k=0;
>               k=  MAX(i++,++j);
>                       printf("%d..%d..%d",i,j,k);
>                       }
> 
>main()
>{
>        const int i = 100;
>        int *p = &i;
>        *p = 200;
>        printf("%d\n",i);
> 
>}
> 
>void f(int n)
>{
>       int i;
>       for(i =1;i<=n;i++)
>               f(n-i);
>       printf("done  ");
>}
>main()
>{
>f(5);
>}
> 
> 
>void test(int , int *);
>main()
>{
>int * iptr, j, k = 2;
>iptr = &j;
>j = k;
>printf( "%d %d ", k, j);
>test(j, iptr);
>printf("%d %d\n", k, j);
>}
>void test(int l, int *p)
>{
>l++;
>(*p)++;
>}
> 
>#define INFINITELOOP while(1)
>main()
>{
>       INFINITELOOP
>printf("\nHello World");
>}
> 
>#include
>int myfunc(char *str)
>{
>       char *ptr =str;
>       while(*ptr++);
>       return ptr-str-1;
>}
>main()
>{
>       printf("%d", myfunc("DESIS"));
>}
> 
> 
>#include
>main(int sizeofargv, char *argv[])
>{
>while(sizeofargv)
>printf("%s ",argv[--sizeofargv]);
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>int x,y=1,z;
>if(x=z=y); x = 3;
>printf("%d %d %d\n",x,y,z);
>while (y<4) x+=++y;
>printf("%d %d\n",x,y);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>union {
>long l_e;
>float f_e;
>} u;
> 
>long l_v;
>float f_v;
>l_v = u.l_e = 10;
>printf("%f ", (float)l_v);
>printf("%f ", u.f_e);
>f_v = u.f_e = 3.555;
>printf("%d ", (long)f_v);
>printf("%d ", u.l_e);
>               }
> 
> 
> 
>void main()
>{
> char a[5] = "abcd";
> int b = 3;
> 
> printf("%c\n",a[b]);
> printf("%c\n",((char *) b)[(int) a]);
>}
> 
>#define PRINTIFLESS(x,y) if((x) < (y)) printf("First is smaller");else
>main()
>{
>        int i = 2, k =1;
>        if(i>0 && k>0) PRINTIFLESS(i,k);
>        else  printf("Numbers not greater than 0\n");
> 
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>int *iptr,*dptr, i;
>dptr = (int *) malloc(sizeof(i));
>iptr =&i ;
>*iptr = 10;
>free(iptr);
>*dptr = 20;
>/*dptr = iptr;*/
>free(dptr);
>printf("%d,%d,%d",*dptr,*iptr,i);
>}
> 
> 
>main()
>{
>char line[80];
>gets(line);
>puts(line);
> 
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>char c1;
>int i=0;
>c1='a';
>while(c1>='a' && c1 <='z')
>{
>c1++;
>i++;
>}
>printf("%d",i);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>char ch = 'A';
>while(ch <='F'){
>       switch(ch){
>       case 'A':case 'B':case 'C': case 'D': ch++; continue;
>       case 'E': case 'F': ch++;
>       }
>putchar(ch);
>}
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>FILE *fp1,*fp2;
>fp1 = fopen("one","w");
>fp2 = fopen("one","w");
>fputc('A',fp1);
>fputc('B',fp2);
>fclose(fp1);
>fclose(fp2);
>}
> 
> 
> 
>int a[50000];
>main(){
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>       int a = 0xff;
>if(a<<4>>12)
>       printf("Right");
>else
>       printf("Wrong");
>}
> 
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>        enum _tag{ left=10, right, front=100, back};
>        printf("left is %d, right is %d, front is %d, back is
%d",left,right,front,back);
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>char *arr = "This is to test";
>printf("\n%c %c ",*(arr), *(arr++));
> 
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>int I =-3, j=2, k = 0,m;
>m = ++I && ++j || ++k;
>printf("\n%d %d %d %d", I, j, k, m);
>}
> 
>int a[50000];
>main(){}
>static int i = 6;
> 
>extern i;
>main()
>{
>printf("%d",i);
>}
> 
>#include
>#define MAX 20
> 
>main()
>{
>       FILE *fp1, *fp2;
>       char *this1, *this2;
>       fp1 = fopen("ip1.dat","r");
>       if(fp1==NULL)printf("file open error\n");
> 
>       fp2 = fopen("ip2.dat","r");
>       if(fp2==NULL)printf("file open error\n");
> 
>       if((getline(this1,fp1)!=0) && (getline(this2,fp2)!=0)){
>       if(strcmp(this1,this2))
>       continue;
>       else { printf("lines do not match\n"); break;}
>       }
>}
>int getline(char *line, FILE *fp)
>{
>if(fgets(line,MAX, fp) == NULL)
>       return 0;
>else
>       return strlen(line);
>}
> 
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>       FILE *fp;
>fp = fopen("testbuf.txt", "wt");
>fwrite("1. This is fwrite\n",1, 18, fp);
>write(fileno(fp),  "2.This is write\n", 17);
>fclose(fp);
>}
> 
>#define PR(a)   printf("a = %d\t",(int) (a));
>#define PRINT(a)  PR(a); putchar('\n');
>#define FUDGE(k)       k + 3.14
> 
>main()
>{
>       int x = 2;
>       PRINT( x * FUDGE(2));
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>int i = 3,j;
>j = add(++i);
>printf("i = %d j = %d\n", i, j);
>}
> 
>add(ii)
>int ii;
>{
>ii++;
>printf("ii = %d\n", ii);
>}
> 
>#define DEBUG(args) (printf("DEBUG: "), printf args)
> 
>main()
>{
>        int n = 0,i = 0 ;
>       printf("%d\n", n);
>       if(n != 0) DEBUG(("n is %d\n", n));
>       DEBUG(("%d",i));
> 
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>       char *s2, *s1 ;
>       s1* = malloc(sizeof (char) * 20);
>       s1 = "Hello, ";
>        s2 = "world!";
>        strcat(s1, s2);
>       printf("%s ", s1);
>}
>char*s="char*s=%c%s%c;main(){printf(s,34,s,34);}";
>        main(){printf(s,34,s,34);}
>main()
>{
>       char *s1 = "alpha", *s2 = "alpha";
>       if(!strcmp(s1,s2)) printf("yes\n");
>}
> 
> 
>#define DEBUG(args) (printf("DEBUG: "), printf args)
> 
>main()
>{
>        int n = 10;
>        if(n != 0) DEBUG(("n is %d\n", n));
>>}
>main()
>{
>int i;
>struct
>       {
>       int left,y;
>       }a;
>printf("%5d\n",a[i].left);
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>char c1,c2,c3;
>c1 = getc(stdin);
>putc(c1,stdout);
>c2 = getche();
>putc(c2,stdout);
>c3 = getchar();
>putc(c3,stdout);
>}
> 
> 
>#include
> 
>struct test{
>int f;
>};
> 
>struct test*
>f(struct test * (*fPtr)() )
>{
>struct  test *ptr = (struct test*) malloc(sizeof(struct test));
>return ptr;
>}
> 
>main()
>{
> f(f)->f;
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>print_in_reverse( "char *str" );
>}
> 
>void print_in_reverse( char *str )
>{
>    if( *str == '\0' )
>       return;
> 
>    print_str_in_reverse(str+1);
> 
>    printf( "%c" , *str );
>}
> 
> 
> 
>#include
>/* #define sqrt(x) (( x < 0) ? sqrt(-x) : sqrt(x))
>*/
>main()
>{
>int y;
>y = sqrt(-9);
>printf("%d",y);
>}
> 
> 
>#define MAXI 100
>main(){
>int done,i,x=6;
>done=i=0;
>for(i = 0; (i< MAXI) && (x/=2)>1; i++)
>done++;
>printf("%d %d\n",i,done);
>}
>#define MAXI 100
>main(){
>int done,i,x=6;
>done=i=0;
>while (i < MAXI && !done){
>if ((x/=2)>1){ i++; continue;}
>done++;
>}
>printf("%d %d\n",i,done);
>}
>main()
>{
>       struct emp
>       {       char name[20];
>               int age;
>               float sal;
>       };
>       struct emp e = {"Tiger"};
>       printf("\n%d %f",e.age,e.sal);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>char str[] = "Taj is 2 miles away";
>int i;
>for(i=0;i<19;++i)
>if(isalpha(str[i]))printf("%c",toupper(str[i]));
>}
> 
> 
> 
>main()
>{
>int c;
> 
>while((c=getchar()) != 0){
>printf(" %c",c);
>}
>}
>#include
>f( )
>{
>        printf("I am f()");
>}
>extern f1( );
>main()
>{
>        int i=10;
>        f1(i);
>}
> 
>f1(int i )
>{
>        printf("the i value is %d",i);
>        f();
>}
> 
>#include
>#define abs(x) x>0?x:-x
>#define mabs(x) (((x)>=0)?(x):-(x))
>int fabs(int);
>main()
>{
>printf("\n%d   %d",abs(10)+1,abs(-10)+1);
>printf("\n%d   %d",mabs(10)+1,mabs(-10)+1);
>printf("\n%d   %d\n",fabs(10)+1,fabs(-10)+1);
>}
> 
> 
>int fabs(int n)
>{
>return(n>0? n: -n);
> 
>}
> 
>unsigned char
>f(unsigned n)
>{
>  static const unsigned char table[64] = {
>    0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 2, 21, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0,
>    15, 0, 0, 12, 0, 17, 3, 22, 27, 32, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 20, 6, 0, 0,
14,
>    0, 0, 16, 26, 31, 0, 0, 19, 5, 13, 0, 25, 30, 18, 4, 24, 29, 23,
28, 0
>  };
>  return table[((n & -n) * 0x1d0d73df) >> 26];
>}
>main()
>{
>printf("%c",f(8));
>}
>#include
>int myfunc(char *str)
>{
>       char *ptr =str;
>       while(*ptr++);
>       return ptr-str-1;
>}
>main()
>{
>       printf("length is %d", myfunc("DESIS"));
>}
> 
> 
>#include
>struct _tag
>{
>        int i;
>        union
>        {
>                int a;
>                int b;
>        }c;
>} a;
> 
>main()
>{
>        a.c.a=10;
>        printf("test %d\n",a.c.b);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>        int a=10,b;
>       b=a>=5?100:200;
>        printf("%d\n",b);
>}
> 
> 
>#define MAXI 100
>main(){
>int x=6,done,i;
>done=i=0;
>do
>{
>       if((x/=2)>1)
>               {i++; continue;}
>       else
>               done++;
>}while ((i < MAXI) && !done);
> 
>printf("%d %d\n",i,done);
>}
>#include
>main()
>{
>extern int i;
>i=20;
>printf("%d\n",sizeof(i));
>}
> 
>fun()
>{
>printf("Yes\n");
>}
> 
>#define fun()  printf("No\n")
> 
>main()
>{
>    fun();
>    (fun)();
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>        int i = 1;
>        switch(i) {
>                printf("\nHello, ");
>                case 1: printf("One, ");
>                       i++;
>                        break;
>                case 2: printf("Two");
>                        break;
>                }
>}
> 
> 
>#define        DESHAWCURRENTDEBUGLEVEL 1
> 
>void main(void)
>{
>int i = 10 ;
>int j = 15 ;
> 
>#ifdef DESHAWCURRENTDEBUGLEVEL
>printf("%d\n",i);
>#else
>printf("%d\n",j);
>#endif
>}
> 
>#define scanf "%s DE Shaw"
>main()
>{
> printf(scanf,scanf);
> }
> 
>main()
>{
> char *p="abc";
> char *q="abc123";
> 
>   while(*p==*q)
>   {
>    printf("%c %c",*p,*q);
>    p++;q++;
>    }
>}
>#define INTPTR int *
>main()
>{
>        INTPTR pi, pj;
>        int i,j;
>        i=10;j=20;
>        pi = &j;
>        pj = &j;
>        j++;
>        i= *pi;
>        printf("%d,",i);
>        j++;
>        i= *pj;
>        printf("%d",i);
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>char strp[] = "Never ever say no";
>char *chp, c='e';
>int i,j;
>chp = strrchr(strp, c);
>i = chp-strp;
>for(j=0;j<=i;j++)printf("%c",strp[j]);
>}
>#include
>main()
>{
>        char str[] ="abcdef";
>        printf("str is %s",str);
>        str = "DESIS";
>        printf("str is %s",str);
>}
> 
> 
>main()
>{
>        char *str ="India pvt. ltd.";
>        char *str1 = "DESIS";
>        printf("str is %s",str);
>        printf("str is %s",str1);
>        strcat(str1,str);
>        printf("str is %s",str1);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>        char str[] ="DESIS India pvt. ltd.";
>        const char *str1= str;
>        strcpy(str1,"DESHAW");
>        printf("str is %s",str);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>int i=4,j=2,k=0;
>char c1='a',c2='b';
>if(k==0)printf("k is zero\n");
>else if(j==2)printf("j is 2\n");
>else if(i==4)printf("i is 4\n");
>if(c1!='a')printf("c1 is not a\n");
>else if (c2=='a')printf("c2 is b");
>else printf("Hello\n");
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>int a[3] = {1,2,3};
>int i= 2;
>printf("\n %d %d\n", a[i], i[a]);
>}
>#include
>void fun(int, int*);
>main()
>{
>int j,i;
>int * intptr;
>printf("enter an integer\n");
>scanf("%d",&i);
>intptr = &j;
>j = i;
>printf("i and j are %d %d \n",i,j);
>fun(j,intptr);
>printf("i is:%d",i);
>printf("\n j is:%d",j);
>}
>void fun(int k, int *iptr)
>{
>k++;
>(*iptr)++;
>return;
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>               int x;
>       x = printf("%d\n",x=printf("%d",890));
>         printf("%d",x);
>       }
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>int i;
>char c;
>for (i=0;i<5;i++){
>  scanf("%d",&c);
>  printf("%d",i);
>  }
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>       int x = 10,y=2,z;
>       z=x/*y+y*/+y;
>       printf("%d\n",z);
>}
>main()
>{
>int a[] = {0,1,2,3,4};
>int *p[] = {a,a+1,a+2,a+3,a+4};
>int **pp = p;
> 
>printf("%d, %d, %d ", *pp-a, pp-p, **pp);
>pp++; pp++;;++pp;*++pp;
>printf("%d, %d, %d ", pp-p, *pp-a, **pp);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>int a[] = {0,1,2,3,4};
>int *p[] = {a,a+1,a+2,a+3,a+4};
>int **pp = p;
> 
>printf("%d, %d, %d ", *pp-a, pp-p, **pp);
>pp++; *pp++;++pp;*++pp;
>printf("%d, %d, %d ", pp-p, *pp-a, **pp);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>char input[] = "SSSWILTECH1\1\1";
>int i, c;
>for ( i=2; (c=input[i])!='\0'; i++){
>       switch(c){
>               case 'a': putchar ('i'); continue;
>               case '1': break;
>               case 1: while (( c = input[++i]) != '\1' && c!= '\0');
>               case 9: putchar('S');
>               case 'E': case 'L': continue;
>               default: putchar(c);continue;
>               }
>               putchar(' ');
>               }
>               putchar('\n');
>}
> 
> 
>main(){
>unsigned int k = 987 , i = 0;
>char trans[10];
> 
>       do {
>              trans[i++]  = (k%16 > 9) ? (k%16 - 10 + 'a') : (k%16 -
'0' );
> 
>          } while(k /= 16);
> 
>       for(i=0;i<10;i++) printf("%c", trans[i]);
>}
> 
> 
> 
>main()
>{
>unsigned int k = 987 , i = 0;
>char trans[10];
> 
>  do {
>     trans[i++]  = (k%16 > 9 ? k%16 - 10 + 'a' : k%16 - '0' );
>    printf("%d %d\n",k,k%16);
> 
>         } while(k /= 16);
> 
> printf("%s\n", trans);
> }
> 
> 
>main()
>{
>char *pk;
>const char* p;
>const char c = 'a';
>char c1='b';
>p=&c1;
>pk = &c;
>printf("%c %c",*pk,*p);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>int i=4;
>if (i>5) printf("Hi");
>else f(i);
>}
> 
>f(int j)
>{
>if (j>=4) f(j-1);
>else if(j==0)return;
>printf("Hi");
>}
> 
> 
>int *NEXT(register int  i)
>{
>int *ipt;
>ipt = &i;
>ipt++;
>return ipt;
>}
> 
>main ()
>{
>int j;
>printf("%d",(NEXT(j)));
>}
> 
> 
>#define PRINT(int) printf("int = %d  ",int)
>main()
>{
>int x,y,z;
>x=03;y=02;z=01;
>PRINT(x^x);
>z<<=3;PRINT(x);
>y>>=3;PRINT(y);
>}
> 
> 
>#define PRINT(int) printf( "int = %d ", int)
>main()
>{
>int x=03,y=02,z=01;
>PRINT (x | y & ~z);
>PRINT (x & y && z);
>PRINT (x ^ y & ~z);
>}
> 
> 
>main()
>{
>int p;
>for(p = 1; p<=10, --p ; p=p+2)
>        puts("Hello");
>}
> 
>#include
>int n, R;
>main()
>{
>R = 0;
>scanf("%d",&n);
>printf("\n %d, %d",fun(n),R);
>}
> 
>int fun(int n)
>{
>if (n>3) return
>    R = 5;
>    R = 6;
>    return(1);
> 
>    }
>main()
>{
>int a = 10, b = 5,c = 3,d = 3;
> 
>if ((a
> 
>else  printf(" %d  %d  %d  %d ", a, b, c, d);
> 
>}
> 
> 
> 
> 
>main()
>{
>struct test
>{
>char c;
>int i;
>char v;
>} t1;
>printf("%d %d\n",sizeof(t1), sizeof(t1.c));
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>int a,b;
>scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
>printf("%d\n", a+++b);
>printf("%d %d\n",a,b);
>}
> 
>float s=1944,x[5],y[5],z[5],r[5],j,h,a,b,d,e;int i=33,c,l,f=1;int
g(){return f=
>(f*6478+1)%65346;}m(){x[i]=g()-l;y[i]=(g()-l)/4;r[i]=g()>>4;}main(){char
t[1948
>]="
`MYmtw%FFlj%Jqig~%`jqig~Etsqnsj3stb",*p=t+3,*k="3tjlq9TX";l=s*20;while(i
>p[i++]='\n'+5;for(i=0;i<5;i++)z[i]=(i?z[i-1]:0)+l/3+!m();while(1){for(c=33;c
>c++){c+=!((c+1)%81);j=c/s-.5;h=c%81/40.0-1;p[c]=37;for(i=4;i+1;i--)if((b=(a=h*x
>[i]+j*y[i]+z[i])*a-(d=1+j*j+h*h)*(-r[i]*r[i]+x[i]*x[i]+y[i]*y[i]+z[i]*z[i]))>0)
>{for(e=b;e*e>b*1.01||e*e
>(i=4;i+1;z[i]-=s/2,i--)z[i]=z[i]<0?l*2+!m():z[i];while(i
> 
>int     i;
>main()
>{
>    char    a[] = "Shiva";
>    printf("%c\n",i[a]);
>}
> 
> 
> 
>myread(a,b)
>{
>    printf("%d  %d",a,b);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>    myread(2,4);
>}
> 
> 
> 
>funct(char* str)
>{
>    printf("%s\n",str);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>    static  int     ii = 1;
>    int jj = 5;
>    ii+=++jj;
>    funct(ii+++"Campus Interview");
>}
> 
> 
>funct(str)
>{
>    printf("%s\n",str);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>    funct('-'-'-'+"DEShaw");
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>    printf(" %d\n",'-'-'-'-'/'/'/');
>    }
> 
>static         int     a  = 6;
>extern int     a;
> 
>main()
>{
>       printf("%d",a);
>       }
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>int i=6,j=4;
>printf("NO\n");
>switch(i)
>{
>do{
>case 1: printf("yes\n");
> 
>case 2:
> 
>case 3:
> 
>case 4:
> 
>case 5:
> 
>case 6:
>       j--;
>       }while (j);
>       }
>       }
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>auto int i = 0;
>printf("%d\n",i);
>       {
>       int i = 2;
>       printf("%d\n",i);
>               {
>               i+=1;
>               printf("%d\n",i);
>               }
>       printf("%d\n",i);
>       }
>printf("%d\n",i);
>printf("%d\n",reset());
>printf("%d\n",ret10());
>printf("%d\n",reset());
>printf("%d\n",ret10());
>}
> 
> 
>int reset()
>{
>int j = 0;
>return(j);
>}
> 
>int ret10()
>{
>static int i = 10;
>i+=1;
>return(i);
>}
> 
>#include
>#include
>main()
>{
>struct emp1
>{
>       char *name;
>       int age;
>};
>struct emp2
>{
>char *cp;
>struct emp1 e1;
>}e2 = {"ghi",{"jkl",123}};
> 
>struct emp1 e3 = {"rwer",2341};
>printf("\n%s %d\n",e3.name,e3.age);
>printf("\n%s %s %d\n",e2.cp,e2.e1.name,e2.e1.age);
>}
> 
>struct xyz{
>       int xyz ;
>       }
>       ;
> 
>main()
>{
>union xyz{
>       int xyz;
>       }
>       ;
>       }
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>char s[] = "Bouquets and Brickbats";
>printf("\n%c, ",*(&s[2]));
>printf("%s, ",s+5);
>printf("\n%s",s);
>printf("\n%c",*(s+2));
>}
>#include
>struct s
>       {
>       char *st;
>       struct s *sptr;
>       };
>main()
>{
>int i;
>struct s *p[3];
>static struct s a[]={
>       {"abcd",a+1},
>       {"pqrs",a+2},
>       {"stuv",a}
>       };
>for( i=0;i<3;i++ )p[i] = a[i].sptr;
>swap(*p,a);
>printf("%s %s %s \n",p[0]->st,(*p)->st, (*p)->sptr->st);
>}
> 
>swap(p1,p2)
>struct s *p1,*p2;
>{
>char *temp;
>temp = p1->st;
>p1->st = p2->st;
>p2->st = temp;
>}
> 
>Swap( int *x , int *y)
>{
>int tmp = *x ;
>*y = *x ;
>*x = tmp;
>}
>main()
>{
>int a = 1, b = 2;
>Swap(&a, &b);
>printf("%d %d\n", a, b);
>}
>main()
>{
>        int i;
>        scanf("%d",&i);
>        switch(i) {
>                printf("\nHello");
>                case 1: printf("\none");
>                        break;
>                case 2: printf("\ntwo");
>                        break;
>                }
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>int x;
>x = 3;
>f(x);
>printf("MAIN");
> 
>}
> 
>f(int n)
>{
>printf("F");
>if (n != 0)
>f(n-1);
>}
> 
>#include
>#include
> 
>main()
>{
> 
>       int ptr[] = {1,2,23,6,5,6};
>               char str[] = {'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h'};
> 
>                       printf("pointer differences are %ld, %d",&ptr[3], &str[3]-&str[0]);
>                       }
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>char a,b,c;
>scanf("%c %c %c",&a,&b,&c);
>printf("%c %c %c ", a, b, c);
>}
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
>  int a = 10000;
>   char b='c';
> 
>   int i,j;
>   /* i=printf("%d\n",a);
> 
>    j=printf("%c\n",b);*/
> 
>     printf("%d,%d",printf("%d\n",a),printf("%c\n",b));
> 
>     }
>#include
>#define PR(a)   printf("%d\t",(int) (a));
>#define PRINT(a,b,c) PR(a);PR(b);PR(c);
>#define MAX(a,b) (a
>main(){
>       int x = 1,y = 2;
>               PRINT(MAX(x++,y),x,y);
>                       PRINT(MAX(x++,y),x,y);
>                       }
> 
>#include
>main()
>{
> unsigned int i=100;
>for(;i>=0;i--)  printf("hello: %u\n",i);
>}
> 
>main()
>{
> 
>struct list{
>int x;
>struct ist next;
>}head;
> 
>struct ist{
>int x;
>int y;
>};
>head.x = 100;
>head.next.x=10;
>printf("%d %d", head.x,head.next.x);
>}
> 
> 
>main()
>{
>typedef union
>{
>struct
>{
>char c1,c2;
>} s;
>long j;
>float x;
>} U;
> 
>U example;
>example.s.c1 = 'a';
>example.s.c2 = 'b';
>example.j = 5;
>printf("%c %c %d", example.s.c1, example.s.c2, example.j);
>}
> 
> 
>main()
>       {
>               struct s1
>               {       char *str;
>                       struct s1 *ptr;
>               };
>               static struct s1 arr[] = {      {"Hyderabad",arr+1},
>                                               {"Bangalore",arr+2},
>                                               {"Delhi",arr}
>                                       };
>               struct s1 *p[3];
>               int i;
> 
>               for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
>                       p[i] = arr[i].ptr;
> 
>               printf("%s\n",(*p)->str);
>               printf("%s\n",(++*p)->str);
>               printf("%s\n",((*p)++)->str);
>       }
> 
>main()
>       {struct s1
>               {       char *str;
>                       struct s1 *ptr;
>               };
>               static struct s1 arr[] = {      {"Hyderabad",arr+1},
>                                               {"Bangalore",arr+2},
>                                               {"Delhi",arr}
>                                       };
>               struct s1 *p[3];
>               int i;
> 
>               for(i=0;i<=2;i++)       p[i] = arr[i].ptr;
> 
>printf("%s  ",(*p)->str);
>                       printf("%s ",(++*p)->str);
>printf("%s ",((*p)++)->str);
>       }
> 
> 
>main()
>{
>char input[] = "SSSWILTECH1\1\1";
>int i, c;
>for ( i=2; (c=input[i])!='\0'; i++){
>       switch(c){
>               case 'a': putchar ('i'); continue;
>               case '1': break;
>               case 1: while (( c = input[++i]) != '\1' && c!= '\0');
>               case 9: putchar('S');
>               case 'E': case 'L': continue;
>               default: putchar(c);continue;
>               }
>               putchar(' ');
>       }
>       putchar('\n');
>}
> 
>main()
>{
>int i, n, m, b, x[25];
>int f1(int, int, int j[25]);
>for(i=0;i<25;i++) x[i] = i;
>i=0; m = 24;
>b=f1(i, m, x);
>printf("res %d\n",b);
>}
> 
>int f1( int p, int q, int a[25])
>{
>int m1,m2;
>if (q==0)
>return(a[p]);
>else
>{
>m1 = f1 (p, q/2, a);
>m2 = f1(p+q/2+1,q/2,a);
>if(m1
>return (m2);
>else
>return(m1);
>}
>}
>main()
>{
>int a[3][4] ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} ;
>int i,j,k=99 ;
>for(i=0;i<3;i++)
>for(j=0;j<4;j++)
>if(a[i][j] < k) k = a[i][j];
>printf("%d", k);
>}
>main()
>{
>char *p = "hello world!";
>p[0] = 'H';
>printf("%s",p);
>}



                                                                                               
Bottom of Form 1






************************  CITICORP  ***********************************

1]. The following variable is available in file1.c


static int average_float;

        all the functions in the file1.c can access the variable


[2]. extern int x;

        Check the answer

[3]. Another Problem with

        # define TRUE 0

        some code

        while(TRUE)
        {
                some code

        }
       

        This won't go into the loop as TRUE is defined as 0


[4].   A question in structures where the memebers are dd,mm,yy.

        mm:dd:yy
        09:07:97

[5]. Another structure question        

        1 Rajiv System Analyst

[6].    INFILE.DAT is copied to OUTFILE.DAT


[7]. A question with argc and argv .

        Input will be

        c:\TEMP.EXE Ramco Systems India


-----------------------------------------------------------------------


main()
{
        int x=10,y=15;
        x=x++;
        y=++y;
        printf("%d %d\n",x,y);
}




----------------------------------------------------------------------


int x;
main()
{
        int x=0;
        {
                int x=10;
                x++;
                change_value(x);
                x++;
                Modify_value();
                printf("First output: %d\n",x);
        }
        x++;
        change_value(x);
        printf("Second Output : %d\n",x);
        Modify_value();
        printf("Third Output : %d\n",x);
}

Modify_value()
{
        return (x+=10);
}

change_value()
{
        return(x+=1);
}

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

main()
{
        int x=20,y=35;
        x = y++ + x++;
        y = ++y + ++x;
        printf("%d %d\n",x,y);
}

-----------------------------------------------------------------------


main()
{
        char *p1="Name";
        char *p2;
        p2=(char *)malloc(20);
        while(*p2++=*p1++);
        printf("%s\n",p2);
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------


main()
{
        int x=5;
        printf("%d %d %d\n",x,x<<2,x>>2);
}

--------------------------------------------------------------------

#define swap1(a,b) a=a+b;b=a-b;a=a-b;
main()
{
        int x=5,y=10;
        swap1(x,y);
        printf("%d %d\n",x,y);
        swap2(x,y);
        printf("%d %d\n",x,y);
}

int swap2(int a,int b)
{
        int temp;
        temp=a;
        b=a;
        a=temp;
        return;
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------


main()
{
        char *ptr = "Ramco Systems";
        (*ptr)++;
        printf("%s\n",ptr);
        ptr++;
        printf("%s\n",ptr);
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------

#include
main()
{
        char s1[]="Ramco";
        char s2[]="Systems";
        s1=s2;
        printf("%s",s1);
}

-----------------------------------------------------------------



#include
main()
{
        char *p1;
        char *p2;
        p1=(char *) malloc(25);
        p2=(char *) malloc(25);
        strcpy(p1,"Ramco");
        strcpy(p2,"Systems");
        strcat(p1,p2);
        printf("%s",p1);
}

                               

                C QUESTIONS:WHAT IS THE OUT PUT FOR FOLLOWING PROGRAMMS
1)main()
{
char a[2];
*a[0]=7;
*a[1]=5;
printf("%d",&a[1]-a)
ANS:
   ans may be 1.(illegal initialization)
2)
#include
main(){
char a[]="hellow";
char *b="hellow";
char c[5]="hellow";
printf("%s %s %s ",a,b,c);
printf(" ",sizeof(a),sizeof(b),sizeof(c));
}
(ans is     hellow,hellow,hellow
              6,2,5   )
3)
#include
main()

float value=10.00;
printf("%g %0.2g %0.4g %f",value,value,value,value)
}
(ans is 10,10,10,10.000000)
4)
#include
void function1;
int i-value=100;
main()
{
 i-value=50;
function1;
printf("i-value in the function=",i-value);
printf("i-value after the function=",i-value);
}
printf("i-value at the end of main=",i-value);
functioni()
i-value=25;


THIS IS ROUGH IDEA OF THE PROGRAM
   ANS ARE
1)i-value in the function=25;
2)i-value after the function=50;
3)i-value at the end of the main=100;

5)
  main()
{
funct(int n);
{
switch(n)
  case1:
        m=2;
                                break;
  case2:
                m=5;
                                break;
  case3:
                m=7;
                                break;
  default:
                m=0;
}
THIS IS ROUGH IDEA:
    (ANS:Out put is m=0)

                                               







I am sending mainly c paper and some questions.Rao also will send somethig.There are 15 c q's all are discriptive.

1)fallacy 
f()
{
int a;
void c;f2(&c,&a);
2)a=0;
b=(a=0)?2:3;
a) What will be the value of b? why
b) If in 1st stmt a=0 is replaced by -1, b=?
c) If in second stmt a=0 is replaced by -1, b=?
3)char *a[2]
int const *p;
int *const p;
struct new { int a;int b; *var[5] (struct new)
4)f()
{
int a=2;
f1(a++);
}
f1(int c)
{
printf("%d", c);
}
c=?
5)f1()
{
f(3);}
f(int t)
{
switch(t);
{
case 2: c=3;
case 3: c=4;
case 4: c=5;
case 5: c=6;
default: c=0;}
value of c?
6)Fallacy
int *f1()
{
int a=5;
return &a;
}
f()
int *b=f1()
int c=*b;
}
7)a)Function returning an int pointer
b)Function ptr returning an int ptr
c)Function ptr returning an array of integers
d)array of function ptr returning an array of integers
(See Scham series book)
8)fallacy
int a;
short b;
b=a;
9)Define function ?Explain about arguments?
10)C passes  By value or By reference?
11)Post processed code for
abc=1;
b=abc1; (1 or 2 blank lines are given)
strcpy(s,"abc");
z=abc;
12)difference between my-strcpy and strcpy ?check
13)f()
{
int *b;
*b=2;
}
14)Function which gives a pointer to a binary trees const an integer value
at each code, return function of all the nodes in binary tree.(Study)Check
15)Calling refernce draw the diagram of function stack illustrating the
variables in the -----then were pushed on the stack at the point when
function f2 has been introduced
type def struct
{ double x,double y} point;
main( int argc, char *arg[3])
{double a;
int b,c;
f1(a,b);}
f1(double x, int y)
{
point p;
stack int n;
f2(p,x,y)}
f2(point p, double angle)
{ int i,j,k,int max)
}
________________________________________________________

1. main(){
                int mat[3][3] = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 };
                int i, j;
                for ( i = 2; i >= 0 ; i-- )
                                for ( j = 2; j >= 0 ; j-- )
                                                printf("%d", *(*mat+j)+i);
                }
a). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 b). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 c). 9 6 3 8 5 2 7 4 1 d). None of the above
2. main() {
                printf("Hello\n");
                fork();
                printf("Hi\n");
                }
You are supposed to justify your answer in interview.
3. int count = 10, *temp, sum = 0;
   temp = &count;
   *temp = 20;
   temp = ∑
   *temp = count;
   printf("%d %d %d\n", count *temp, sum);
(a). 10 20 0           (b). 20 20 20         (c). 20 20 10         (d). None of the above
4. main()  {
                enm tag = { left = 10, right, front = 100, back };
                printf("%d %d %d %d", left, right, front, back);
                }
(a). compile time error     b). 10 11 100 101                (c). 10 11 12 13    (d). 1 2 3 4
5. What is the value of i if you pass value of i to
   the following function?
   foo(const int &j) {
                j++;
                }
(a). Compile error              (b). 10    (c). prints addition of I                     (d). 11

6. You are reading from inpur file to buffer. Buffer terminates with NULL, the char you need is ch.Write a C program.
7. Write a program to add 10 between 100 and total is not initialezed.
8. while ( (*p++ = *q++) != 0 ) { }
What does the above line of C code do ?
Same as strcpy() in C.

9. main()  {
                int n = 3;
                f(n);
                printf("MAIN");
                }
   void f(int n)  {
                printf("F");
                if ( n != 0 )
                                f(n-1);
                }
What is the output of the above code?                                        Ans. FFFF
10. main()  {
                char s[] = "Never ever look it" , *ch, c = 'e' ;
                int i, j;
                chr = strcmp ( s, c);
                i = chr - s;
                for ( i = 0; i < j; i++ )
                                printf("%d", s[i] );
                }
What is the o/p of the program ?
(a). Never eve                      (b). Never ev        (c). error                                (d). None of the above
11. main()  {
                union u {
                                struct s {
                                                  char c1, c2;
                                                  };
                                long x;
                                float y;
                                };
                u example ;
                example.s.c1 = 'a' ;
                example.s.c2 = 'b' ;
                example.x = 5;
                printf("%c %c %d", example.s.c1, example.s.c2, example.x);
                }
(a). a b 5                b). 0 0 5 (c). garbage garbage 5 (Correct)                     (d). error
12 main()  {
                int i, j, k = 0;
                char c1 = 'a', c2 = 'b';
                if ( k == 0 )
                                printf("K is zero");
                else
                                -----
                                -----
                if ( c1 != 'a' )
                                printf("c2 == b");
                else if ( c2 == 'a' )
                                printf("c1 == a");
                else
                                printf("Hello");
                }
(a). K is zero c1 == a
(b).    "      c2 == b
(c).    "      Hello     (Correct)                                              (d). error

13. If you don't declare a function and you are calling in main(), Does C support this or not ?
14. When a function returns where form the memory allocated?                      Ans. Stack
15. void (*((int, void (*)())));
Ans. (c)

                                                                                                          

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